New guidance for psychologists will acknowledge that adolescence now effectively runs up until the age of 25 for the purposes of treating young people. So is this the new cut-off point for adulthood?
心理學(xué)家新指南中指出，在治療年輕人時(shí)，青春期的劃分截止到25歲結(jié)束。這是否意味著25歲是成年的新分界點(diǎn)呢?
"The idea that suddenly at 18 you're an adult just doesn't quite ring true," says child psychologist Laverne Antrobus, who works at London's Tavistock Clinic。““認(rèn)為滿18歲就進(jìn)入成年其實(shí)是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?rdquo;
倫敦塔維斯托克診所的兒童心理學(xué)家拉弗-安特羅伯斯表示。
"My experience of young people is that they still need quite a considerable amount of support and help beyond that age."
“從我和年輕人接觸的經(jīng)歷來(lái)看，18歲以上的年輕人仍然需要很多支持與幫助。”
"We are becoming much more aware and appreciating development beyond [the age of 18] and I think it's a really good initiative," says Antrobus, who believes we often rush through childhood, wanting our youngsters to achieve key milestones very quickly。
“我們也越來(lái)越關(guān)注18歲以上年輕人的成長(zhǎng)，我覺(jué)得這是一個(gè)很棒的創(chuàng)舉。”安特羅伯斯說(shuō)。在她看來(lái)，人們太急于擺脫童年，巴不得在青年時(shí)期就成就大業(yè)。
The new guidance is to help ensure that when young people reach the age of 18 they do not fall through the gaps in the health and education system. The change follows developments in our understanding of emotional maturity, hormonal development and particularly brain activity。
新指南旨在幫助年滿18歲的年輕人跨過(guò)健康與教育這道坎。此次變更重在強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)情感成熟、荷爾蒙發(fā)展、尤其是大腦活動(dòng)的理解。
"Neuroscience has made these massive advances where we now don't think that things just stop at a certain age, that actually there's evidence of brain development well into early twenties and that actually the time at which things stop is much later than we first thought," says Antrobus。
““神經(jīng)科學(xué)已經(jīng)取得重大進(jìn)步�，F(xiàn)在看來(lái)，有些問(wèn)題并不是到了某個(gè)年齡就會(huì)自動(dòng)停止的;事實(shí)表明，在二十出頭的年紀(jì)，大腦還處于成長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)，定型時(shí)期遠(yuǎn)比人們?cè)日J(rèn)為的晚。”安特羅伯斯說(shuō)。
There are three stages of adolescence - early adolescence from 12-14 years, middle adolescence from 15-17 years and late adolescence from 18 years and over。
青春期有三個(gè)階段：12-14歲為早期，15-17歲為中期，18歲以上為后期。
Neuroscience has shown that a young person's cognitive development continues into this later stage and that their emotional maturity, self-image and judgement will be affected until the prefrontal cortex of the brain has fully developed。
神經(jīng)科學(xué)表明，年輕人的認(rèn)知發(fā)展會(huì)一直持續(xù)到后期階段，而在大腦前額皮層完全發(fā)育前，他們的情感成熟、自我形象和判斷都會(huì)受到影響。
Alongside brain development, hormonal activity is also continuing well into the early twenties says Antrobus。
安特羅伯斯還說(shuō)，除了大腦發(fā)展，荷爾蒙代謝也會(huì)一直持續(xù)到二十出頭的年紀(jì)。
"A number of children and young people I encounter between the age of 16 and 18, the flurry of hormonal activity in them is so great that to imagine that's going to settle down by the time they get to 18 really is a misconception," says Antrobus。“
“許多我見(jiàn)過(guò)的16-18歲年輕人的荷爾蒙代謝都異�；钴S，如果認(rèn)為他們滿18歲就會(huì)自動(dòng)安穩(wěn)消停，那可大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò) 了。”安特羅伯斯說(shuō)。
She says that some adolescents may want to stay longer with their families because they need more support during these formative years and that it is important for parents to realise that all young people do not develop at the same pace。
她還說(shuō)，有些青少年希望能多跟家人呆在一起，那是因?yàn)樵诔砷L(zhǎng)定型階段，他們需要更多支持;所以父母應(yīng)該明白，青春期成長(zhǎng)是因 人而異的。
But is there any danger we could be breeding a nation of young people reluctant to leave adolescence behind? TV sitcoms are littered with such comic stereotypes of juvenile adults
但是，如果下一代都遲遲不愿離開(kāi)青春期，那會(huì)有什么樣的弊端呢?情景喜劇中到處都能看到這種詼諧的長(zhǎng)不大的人。
Then there are those characters who want to break away from their overbearing or protective parents or guardians and reach adulthood, but struggle to cut the family ties。
當(dāng)然，也有年輕人渴望擺脫過(guò)于約束或?qū)櫮绲母改富虮O(jiān)護(hù)人，希望盡快跨入成年，可也只能選擇脫離家庭關(guān)系。
Frank Furedi, professor of sociology at the University of Kent, says we have infantilized young people and this has led to a growing number of young men and women in their late 20s still living at home。
弗蘭克-福瑞迪是肯特大學(xué)的社會(huì)學(xué)教授，他說(shuō)：人們總是把年輕人當(dāng)孩子看待，結(jié)果造成很多年輕人到了20大幾歲還住在父母家里。
"Often it's claimed it's for economic reasons, but actually it's not really for that," says Furedi. "There is a loss of the aspiration for independence and striking out on your own. When I went to university it would have been a social death to have been seen with your parents, whereas now it's the norm。
“通常借口總是經(jīng)濟(jì)原因，但其實(shí)并非如此，” 福瑞迪說(shuō)，“對(duì)獨(dú)立自主、自立生活的渴望大大削弱。我上大學(xué)那會(huì)兒，要是還跟父母住一起會(huì)被人恥笑，但現(xiàn)在這種情況已經(jīng)屢見(jiàn)不鮮了。”
"So you have this kind of cultural shift which basically means that adolescence extends into your late twenties and that can hamper you in all kinds of ways, and I think what psychology does is it inadvertently reinforces that kind of passivity and powerlessness and immaturity and normalises that."
“所以才會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種文化轉(zhuǎn)變——青春期甚至延長(zhǎng)到了二十大幾歲，而這有可能妨礙個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)。我認(rèn)為心理學(xué)無(wú)形中強(qiáng)化了這種被動(dòng)、無(wú)助和不成熟，并且使這種現(xiàn)象普遍化。”
Furedi says that this infantilised culture has intensified a sense of "passive dependence" which can lead to difficulties in conducting mature adult relationships. There's evidence of this culture even in our viewing preferences。
福瑞迪還說(shuō)，這種“孩子化”的文化加劇了“被動(dòng)依賴”風(fēng)氣，給進(jìn)入成熟成年期造成了困難。從人們的影視喜好上就能看出這種文化的盛行。
He does not agree that the modern world is far more difficult for young people to navigate。
福瑞迪并不認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)已經(jīng)艱難到讓年輕人無(wú)法自立生存。
"I think that what it is, is not that the world has become crueller, it's just that we hold our children back from a very early age. When they're 11, 12, 13 we don't let them out on their own. When they're 14, 15, we hover all over them and insulate them from real-life experience. We treat university students the way we used to treat school pupils, so I think it's that type of cumulative effect of infantilisation which is responsible for this."
“我覺(jué)得問(wèn)題并不是世界變得越來(lái)越殘酷，而是我們從小就把孩子呵護(hù)得太緊。小孩到了11、12歲時(shí)還不敢放開(kāi)讓他們獨(dú)自外出;到了14、15歲時(shí)，我們更是嚴(yán)加防范，把他們與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活隔離開(kāi)來(lái)。我們現(xiàn)在對(duì)待大學(xué)生的方式就像以前對(duì)待小學(xué)生一樣。所以在我看來(lái)，這就是‘孩子化’風(fēng)氣的癥結(jié)所在。”
