新概念語法：把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)

一、主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)概說

英語的語態(tài)分主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)，主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成：

Everybody likes him. 大家都喜歡他。 (主動(dòng)語態(tài))

He is liked by everybody. 他受到大家的喜歡。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

二、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法

1. 主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本方法

將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，將主動(dòng)謂語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)謂語(be+過去分詞)，將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)閎y短語(在被動(dòng)句中用作狀語)：

He broke the cup. → The cup was broken by him.

【注意】若不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的by短語通常可以省略：

He was born in 1986. 他生于1986年。

What is this flower called? 這種花叫什么花?

2. 雙賓動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

雙賓動(dòng)詞即指帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞，它們在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常是把間接賓語(指人)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，而把直接賓語(指事物)保留下來(稱為保留賓語)：

He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.

有的動(dòng)詞則通常把直接賓語(指事物)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，而把間接賓語改為介詞to 或for引起的狀語(到底用to還是for，與所搭配的動(dòng)詞有關(guān))：

He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her. (與動(dòng)詞write搭配用介詞to)

She made him a new coat. → A new coat was made for him. (與動(dòng)詞make搭配用介詞for)

有時(shí)以上兩種方式均可用：

He gave her some money. 他給她一些錢。

→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.

He bought her a watch. 他給她買了一塊表。

→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.

3. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)

被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)由被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“be+過去分詞”中的動(dòng)詞be來體現(xiàn)，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)和用法如下：

(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am [is, are]+過去分詞

English is taught in our school. 我們學(xué)校學(xué)英語。

We are taken good care of at school. 我們在學(xué)校受到很好的照顧。

(2) 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was [were]+過去分詞

He was taken to the police station. 他被帶到了警察局。

The house was built ten years ago. 這座房子是10年前建的。

(3) 一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：will be+過去分詞

A new building will be built here soon. 不久這里將建一棟新樓。

The meeting will be held at two this afternoon. 會(huì)議將于今天下午2點(diǎn)舉行。

(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：have [has]been+過去分詞

All the work has been done now. 所有的工作現(xiàn)在都做好了。

Have the letters been posted? 信都寄了嗎?

(5) 過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：had been+過去分詞

He said the work had been finished. 他說工作已完成了。

(6) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am [is, are] being+過去分詞

My watch is being repaired by him. 我的表正在由他修理。

The plan is now being discussed. 計(jì)劃現(xiàn)在正在討論。

(7) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was [were] being+過去分詞

He said that the man was being operated on. 他說那個(gè)人正在動(dòng)手術(shù)。

He told me that a new station was being built. 他說正在修建一個(gè)新車站。

(8) 過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：would be+過去分詞

He said that the meeting would be held next week. 他說會(huì)議將于下周舉于。

4. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式

若主動(dòng)語態(tài)中謂語含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，在相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)中通常應(yīng)保留該情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞”：

Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.

請看以下帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)句實(shí)例：

This can’t be done in a short time. 這不是短期內(nèi)可以完成的。

Can this be done by machine? 這可以由機(jī)器來做嗎?

The work must be done at once. 這工作必須馬上做了。

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