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鍩庡競鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒鍩庡競閫欎竴鐗规畩鐨勫湴鐞嗙挵(hu谩n)澧�锛岀爺绌跺煄甯傜┖闁撶祫绻旂殑瑕�(gu墨)寰嬫€с€傛寜瀹冪爺绌剁殑绌洪枔灏哄害銆傚張鍙互鍒嗙偤鍦嬪鎴栧崁(q奴)鍩熶腑鐨勫煄甯傜殑绌洪枔绲勭箶(涔熺ū鍩庡競楂旂郴)鍜屽煄甯傚収(n猫i)閮ㄧ殑绲勭箶(涔熺ū鍩庡競鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u))鍏╁ぇ閮ㄥ垎銆�
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1.鍩庡競褰㈡垚鐧�(f膩)灞曟浠剁爺绌�
2.鍗€(q奴)鍩熺殑鍩庡競绌洪枔绲勭箶鐮旂┒
3.鍩庡競鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ┖闁撶祫绻旂爺绌�
4.鍩庡競鍟忛鐮旂┒
锛堜簩锛夎В瑗挎柟鍩庡競鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�
瑗挎柟鍩庡競鍦扮悊鐮旂┒鏍规摎(j霉)鐮旂┒閲嶉粸(di菐n)涓嶅悓鍙互鍒嗘垚鍥涘€嬮殠娈�
1锛�1920骞翠互鍓�
20涓栫磤(j矛)鏃╂湡鍩庡競鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)浣滅偤鈥曞€嬪皥闁€鐨勬柊闋�(l菒ng)鍩熷嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜�銆傜敱浜庣暥(d膩ng)鏅傝獚(r猫n)璀樹笂鐨勫眬闄愭€�锛屽湴鐞嗗(xu茅)鎬濇兂浠ュ湴鐞嗙挵(hu谩n)澧冩焙瀹氳珫鍗犲劒(y艒u)鍕�銆傚弽鏄犲湪鍩庡競鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)涓�锛岀暥(d膩ng)鏅傜殑鍩烘湰鎬濇兂灏辨槸鐢ㄥ煄甯備綅缃殑鑷劧姊濅欢鐨勪綔鐢ㄤ締瑙ｉ噵鍩庡競鐨勮捣婧愬拰鐧�(f膩)灞曘€�
2锛�1920涓€1950骞�
閫欎竴鏅傛湡锛屽煄甯傚湴鐞嗗(xu茅)鐨勫叐澶ц并鐛�(xi脿n)瓒冲痉鍦嬪湴鐞嗗(xu茅)瀹跺厠閲屾柉娉板嫆(WalterChristaller)涓績鍦板(xu茅)瑾殑瑾曠敓鍜岀編鍦嬭姖鍔犲摜浜洪鐢熸厠(t脿i)瀛�(xu茅)娲炬彁鍑虹殑鍩庡競鍦熷湴鍒╃敤妯″紡銆傚墠涓€鎴愭灉鐨勫法澶у奖闊块洊鐒跺湪鎴�(zh脿n)鍚庢墠鎰熻鍒�锛屼絾瀹冪殑鍑虹従(xi脿n)瑾槑锛屽煄甯傚湴鐞嗗凡寰炲柈鍊嬪煄甯傜殑鐮旂┒鍚戝煄甯傞珨绯荤殑鐮旂┒閭侀€�(j矛n)锛涘悗涓€鎴愭灉鍓囨(bi膩o)蹇楄憲鍩庡競鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勬敞鎰忓姏寰炲皪鍩庡競绨″柈鑰岃啔娣虹殑绺介珨瑾�(r猫n)璀樿綁(zhu菐n)鍚戝煄甯傛櫙瑙€鐨勫京(f霉)闆滄€�銆�
3锛�1950鈥�1970骞�
1950骞翠唬鏈拰1960骞翠唬鐧�(f膩)鐢熶簡鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勬墍璎傗€滆▓閲忛潻鍛解€濄€傛暩(sh霉)閲忓湴鐞嗗(xu茅)瀹跺竷璩存仼•璨濋噷(B•J•L•Berry)鐢ㄦ暩(sh霉)鐞嗙当(t菕ng)姹佹柟娉曞皪涓績鍦板(xu茅)瑾€�(j矛n)琛屼簡瑷卞瀵�(sh铆)璀夋€х爺绌�锛屼粬鐨勩€婂煄甯備綔鐐哄煄甯傜郴绲�(t菕ng)鍏�(n猫i)鐨勭郴绲�(t菕ng)銆嬩竴鏂�锛屾妸鍩庡競浜哄彛鍒嗗竷鑸囨湇鍕�(w霉)涓績鐨勭瓑绱氳伅(li谩n)绯昏捣渚�锛屾槸鍩庡競绯荤┒鐨勪竴鍊嬮噸瑕佽綁(zhu菐n)鎶橀粸(di菐n)?锛佸潩瀣冩墰閿╊幀绗旈挬闉樻涔╃鑺箤鐢疯瀿B(t脿i)瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫煄甯傛櫙瑙€杞�(zhu菐n)鍒颁簡绌洪枔鍒嗘瀽涓婁締銆�20涓栫磤(j矛)50骞翠唬绌洪枔瀛�(xu茅)娲捐垐璧蜂互鍚庯紝鍩庡競鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勬鏋跺缓绔嬩簡璧蜂締锛屽叾鐮旂┒灏嶈薄鍙垎鐐哄畯瑙€鍩庡競绌洪枔鍜屽井瑙€鍩庡競绌洪枔鍏╁ぇ閮ㄥ垎銆�
    4锛�1970骞翠互渚�
    鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勬柊鎬濇疆灞ゅ嚭涓嶇锛岃€屼笖鍦ㄥ煄甯傚湴鐞嗗(xu茅)涓兘鏈夋渶鍏呭垎鐨勫弽鏄�锛屽厛鍚庡舰鎴愪簡鍗€(q奴)浣嶅(xu茅)娲俱€佽鐐哄(xu茅)娲惧拰婵€閫�(j矛n)棣厠鎬濅富缇╃瓑骞惧€嬫祦娲俱€�
(涓�)鐔熸倝涓湅鍩庡競鍦扮悊瀛�(xu茅)鐨勪富瑕佺爺绌堕牁(l菒ng)鍩�
    1976骞翠互鍓�锛屼腑鍦嬬殑鍩庡競鍦扮悊鐮旂┒鍗佸垎钖勫急銆傛敼闈╅枊鏀惧悗寰楀埌杩呴€熺櫦(f膩)灞�銆�1994骞�锛屼腑鍦嬪湴鐞嗗(xu茅)鏈冭ō(sh猫)绔嬩簡鍩庡競鍦扮悊灏堟キ(y猫)濮斿摗鏈�銆傛垜鍦嬪煄甯傚湴鐞嗙爺绌堕泦涓湪鍩庡競涓€鍗€(q奴)鍩熴€佸煄甯傝(gu墨)鍔�銆佸煄甯傚寲銆佸煄閹�(zh猫n)楂旂郴銆佸煄甯傜櫦(f膩)灞曟柟閲�銆佸煄甯傜┖闁撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)浠ュ強鍩庡競鍙寔绾�(x霉)鐧�(f膩)灞�7鍊嬫柟闈�銆�
浜�銆佸煄甯傚寲
(涓€)鎺屾彙鍩庡競鍖栫殑鍘熺悊
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  姒傛嫭鍦拌瑳锛屽煄甯傚寲鐨勬蹇垫噳(y墨ng)鍖呮嫭鍏╂柟闈㈢殑鍚京銆備竴鏄墿鍖栦簡鐨勫煄甯傚寲锛屽嵆鐗╄唱(zh矛)涓婂拰褰㈡厠(t脿i)涓婄殑鍩庡競鍖�锛涗簩鏄劇褰㈢殑鍩庡競鍖�锛屽嵆绮剧涓婄殑銆佹剰璀樹笂鐨勫煄甯傚寲銆佺敓娲绘柟寮忕殑鍩庡競鍖�銆�
    2锛庡煄甯傚寲鐨勯亱(y霉n)琛屾(j墨)鍒�
    璜剧憻濮�(RayMNortham)鎶婁竴鍊嬪湅瀹跺拰鍦板崁(q奴)鐨勫煄閹�(zh猫n)浜哄彛鍗犵附?c猫)涓濊瘨鎴庢皭娣栧厯顖擽绋嬫鎷偤涓€姊濈◢琚媺骞崇殑S褰㈡洸绶�锛屽苟鎶婂煄閹�(zh猫n)鍖栭亷绋嬪垎鎴愪笁鍊嬮殠娈�锛屽嵆鍩庨幃(zh猫n)鍖栨按骞宠純浣�锛岀櫦(f膩)灞曡純鎱㈢殑鍒濇湡闅庢锛屼汉鍙ｅ悜鍩庨幃(zh猫n)杩呴€熼泦鑱氱殑涓湡鍔犻€熼殠娈靛拰閫�(j矛n)鍏ラ珮搴﹀煄閹�(zh猫n)鍖栦互鍚庡煄閹�(zh猫n)浜哄彛姣旈噸鐨勫闀峰張瓒ㄧ珐鎱㈢敋鑷冲仠婊殑鍚庢湡闅庢銆�
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(3)鍩庡競鍖栫殑鏀挎不缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)瀛�(xu茅)瑙ｉ噵
3锛庡煄甯傚寲鐨勯鍨�
(1)鍚戝績鍨嬪煄甯傚寲鑸囬洟蹇冨瀷鍩庡競鍖�
(2)澶栧欢鍨嬪煄甯傚寲鑸囬鍦板瀷鍩庡競鍖�
(3)鏅鍨嬪煄甯傚寲鑸囪伔鑳藉瀷鍩庡競鍖�
(4)绌嶆サ鍨嬪煄甯傚寲鍜屾秷妤靛瀷鍩庡競鍖�
(5)鑷笂鑰屼笅鍨嬪煄甯傚寲鍜岃嚜涓嬭€屼笂鍨嬪煄甯傚寲
(浜�)鐔熸倝鐣�(d膩ng)浠ｄ笘鐣屽煄甯傚寲閫�(j矛n)绋嬬壒榛�(di菐n)
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    鏈夎ū澶氶兘甯傚崁(q奴)閫ｆ垚涓€楂�锛屽湪缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)銆佺ぞ鏈�銆佹枃鍖栫瓑鍚勬柟闈㈡椿鍕曞瓨鍦ㄥ瘑鍒囦氦浜掍綔鐢ㄧ殑宸ㄥぇ鐨勫煄甯傚湴鍩熷彨鍋氬ぇ閮藉競甯躲€傞€欎竴姒傚康鏄硶鍦嬪湴鐞嗗(xu茅)瀹舵垐鐗规浖(JeanGottmann)鍦ㄧ爺绌朵簡缇庡湅鏉卞寳閮ㄥぇ瑗挎磱娌垮哺鐨勫煄甯傜兢浠ュ悗锛屼簬1957骞撮鍏堟彁鍑轰締鐨勩€�
  (3)閮婂崁(q奴)鍩庡競鍖�銆侀€嗗煄甯傚寲鍜屽啀鍩庡競鍖�銆�
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(涓€)浜嗚В鑷劧鍦扮悊姊濅欢
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