2002年考研英語(yǔ)翻譯真題解析

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2002年考研英語(yǔ)翻譯真題解析

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and thentranslate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should bewritten clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Almost all our major problems involve humanbehavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technologyalone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow todevelop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.(61) One difficulty is that almostall of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to statesof mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physicsand biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when theydiscarded them. (62) Thebehavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatoryitems often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds ofexplanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviouslyimportant, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, itselects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (63) The role of natural selectionin evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, andthe selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behaviorof the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As theinteraction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits arebeginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behaviormay therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, untilit replaces traditional pre-scientific views, and these are stronglyentrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. (64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which aperson is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for hisachievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and theachievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning“values." Who will use a technology and to what ends?

(65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior willcontinue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve ourproblems.

精美譯文：

我們遇到的幾乎所有重要問(wèn)題都涉及到人的行為，而且僅靠物理技術(shù)和生物技術(shù)是無(wú)法解決這些問(wèn)題的。我們所需要的是一種行為技術(shù)，但是可能產(chǎn)生這種技術(shù)的科學(xué)一直發(fā)展緩慢。(61)難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。物理學(xué)和生物學(xué)一度模仿類(lèi)似的做法并且只有當(dāng)它們拋棄這些做法后才得到發(fā)展。(62)行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。環(huán)境因素顯然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推動(dòng)也不阻礙行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展，它具有選擇作用，因而這種作用是很難發(fā)現(xiàn)和分析的。(63)自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開(kāi)始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。然而，由于人(生物)和環(huán)境之間的相互作用已經(jīng)逐漸被人們所認(rèn)識(shí)，所以現(xiàn)在正開(kāi)始從已知的環(huán)境去尋找一度認(rèn)為是心態(tài)、情感和性格特征所造成的影響其根源所在。因此就可以建立一門(mén)行為技術(shù)。但是，如果行為技術(shù)代替不了傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)發(fā)展以前的觀點(diǎn)，那它將無(wú)法解決我們的難題。而這些傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)是根深蒂固的。自由和尊嚴(yán)是難處之所在。(64)自由和尊嚴(yán)(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提?？茖W(xué)的分析把責(zé)任和成績(jī)歸因于環(huán)境。它還提出有關(guān)“價(jià)值觀念”的種種問(wèn)題。誰(shuí)會(huì)使用一門(mén)技術(shù)?其目的何在?(65)在這些得到解決以前，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問(wèn)題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。

題目解析：

61) One difficulty is that almost all ofwhat is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states ofmind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

61) 主句One difficulty // is // 表語(yǔ)從句that 從句的主語(yǔ)almost all of / 賓語(yǔ)從句whatis called / behavioral science(多重定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)) // 謂語(yǔ)continues to trace behavior to // states of mind, // feelings, //traits of character, // human nature, // and so on.

詞義推敲：

One difficulty isthat …：表語(yǔ)從句——由系動(dòng)詞修飾和限定。難題之一在于、一個(gè)困難是。

almost all of /what is called / behavioral science：多重定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。幾乎所有的所謂的行為科學(xué)

what is called 所謂的

behavioral science行為科學(xué)

continue to依然/繼續(xù)/延續(xù)

trace … to 追蹤溯源

states of mind 心態(tài)，意識(shí)狀態(tài)

feelings 感情

traits of character性格特點(diǎn)

human nature 人性

參考譯文：

難題之一在于/一個(gè)困難就是所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然/繼續(xù)/延續(xù)從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找/研究/探索/探究行為的根源。

得分重點(diǎn)：

表語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

62) The behavioral sciences have beenslow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directlyobserved and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

62) 主句The behavioral sciences // have been slow / to change //并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 partly原因狀語(yǔ)從句because // 主語(yǔ) the explanatory items // often // 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)seemto be directly observed // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and partly 原因狀語(yǔ)從句because // 主語(yǔ)other kinds of explanations // 謂語(yǔ)have been hard / to find.

詞義推敲：

have been slow tochange (一直)發(fā)展緩慢。

have been：完成時(shí)——一直，一向。

slow：緩慢的

change 改變，發(fā)展。

the explanatoryitems： 用以解釋的依據(jù)、要素(內(nèi)容，項(xiàng)目)

item 內(nèi)容，項(xiàng)目——依據(jù)、要素

seem to be directlyobserved：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，最好不要用“被”字。似乎往往是(直接觀察到的/從直接觀察中得到的/來(lái)自于直接的觀察/是直接觀察的結(jié)果。

seem to be 似乎往往是

directly observed 直接觀察到的 / 從直接觀察中得到的 / 來(lái)自于直接的觀察 / 是直接觀察的結(jié)果

other kinds ofexplanations 其他的解釋方式 / 類(lèi)型的解釋 / 種類(lèi)的解釋

參考譯文：

(行為科學(xué)/行為科學(xué)的研究/行為學(xué)理論/行為科學(xué)方法)之所以(發(fā)展緩慢/變化很慢/發(fā)展很慢)，部分原因是用來(lái)解釋(行為/它們/不譯)的(依據(jù)/因素/要素/內(nèi)容/項(xiàng)目)似乎往往是(直接觀察到的/從直接觀察中得到的/來(lái)自于直接的觀察/是直接觀察的結(jié)果)，部分原因是其他(的解釋方式/類(lèi)型的解釋/種類(lèi)的解釋)一直(難以找到/很難發(fā)現(xiàn)/獲得得十分困難/不容易被發(fā)現(xiàn))。

得分重點(diǎn)：

原因狀語(yǔ)從句，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

63) The role of natural selection inevolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and theselective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior ofthe individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

63) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 主語(yǔ) 多重定語(yǔ)The role of / naturalselection / in evolution // 謂語(yǔ) 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)was formulated // 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)only a little more than a hundred years ago, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and 主語(yǔ) 多重定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)the selective role of / theenvironment / in shaping and maintaining / the behavior of / the individual // 謂語(yǔ)is only beginning to / 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)be recognized andstudied.

詞義推敲：

the role of naturalselection in evolution：多重定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)——后浪推前浪。我們可以范圍為：進(jìn)化過(guò)程中自然選擇的作用。

in evolution：在演化中。

role：a functionor position 功能，職位。

natural selection：自然選擇。

was formulated：得以(闡明/表述/解釋/論證/揭示)。被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)——最好不要用“被”字。

formulated 闡述;表述;解釋;論證

only a little morethan a hundred years ago：僅/只在一百多年前。

the selective roleof / the environment / in shaping and maintaining / the behavior / of theindividual：(保持/維護(hù))個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用/角色。

in shaping andmaintaining 在形成和保持……的過(guò)程中。

to be recognizedand studied被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)——最好不要用“被”字。(被 / 得到)(認(rèn)識(shí) / 承認(rèn) / 意識(shí)到 / 認(rèn)可)和研究。

recognize：to perceiveor show acceptance of the validity or reality of 承認(rèn)，認(rèn)可認(rèn)識(shí)到或表現(xiàn)出接受…的合理性或真實(shí)性

參考譯文：

自然選擇在進(jìn)化/演化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明/表述/解釋/論證/揭示，而環(huán)境在塑造/形成/造就和保持/維護(hù)個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開(kāi)始被認(rèn)識(shí)/承認(rèn)/意識(shí)到/認(rèn)可和研究。

得分重點(diǎn)：

并列結(jié)構(gòu)，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，多重定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)

64)They are the possessions of theautonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essentialto practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and givencredit for his achievements.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

64) 主句并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 主句They // are // 多重定語(yǔ)the possessions / of the autonomous (self-governing) man / oftraditional theory, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and 主句they // 're essential / to practices // 定語(yǔ)從句in/ which // 主語(yǔ)a person // 謂語(yǔ) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)11被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)is held responsible / for his conduct// and 并列結(jié)構(gòu)22 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 省略結(jié)構(gòu)(aperson is)given credit / for his achievements.

詞義推敲：

They：指代“freedomand dignity”，譯作“自由與尊嚴(yán)”

the possessions of theautonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory：多重后置定語(yǔ)——后浪推前浪。我們可以翻譯為：傳統(tǒng)理論定義的(自主行為的/自我控制的/自我約束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者)所擁有的(不譯/所有物/所具備的東西/財(cái)產(chǎn)/財(cái)富)。

autonomous(self-governing)：自主行為的;自我管理的;自我約束的。

possession：wealth orproperty 財(cái)富，財(cái)產(chǎn)。

be essential to 必不可少的，非常重要的

practices 實(shí)踐活動(dòng)

in which = in thesepractices，譯作“在這些實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中”。

is held responsiblefor 對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)

conduct：the way aperson acts, especially from the standpoint of morality and ethics 操行，行為一個(gè)人行為的方式，尤指從道德和倫理的角度來(lái)看。

and given creditfor 認(rèn)可;贊譽(yù);給予肯定

credit：approval foran act, ability, or quality; praise 贊同，贊揚(yáng)對(duì)某一行為、能力或質(zhì)量的贊同;贊揚(yáng)

參考譯文：

自由和尊嚴(yán)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主行為的/自我控制的/自我約束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者所擁有的/財(cái)產(chǎn)/財(cái)富，而且他們是實(shí)踐活動(dòng)/實(shí)踐/實(shí)際活動(dòng)中必不可少的，在這些實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中，一個(gè)人必須對(duì)他的行為負(fù)責(zé)，取得成績(jī)時(shí)他也必須得到表?yè)P(yáng)。

得分重點(diǎn)：

并列結(jié)構(gòu)，多重定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，定語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)

65) Until these issues are resolved, a technologyof behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way tosolve our problems.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：

65) 條件狀語(yǔ)從句Until // 主語(yǔ)these issues // 謂語(yǔ)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)are resolved, // 主語(yǔ)a technology /of 省略結(jié)構(gòu)behavior (science)謂語(yǔ) // 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)will continue / to be rejected, // 省略結(jié)構(gòu)and with it // possibly the only way / to solve our problems(will continue to be rejected).

詞義推敲：

until 除非，如果不

issue are resolved 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)——問(wèn)題得以解決

a technology ofbehavior：研究行為(科學(xué))的技術(shù)手段

to be rejected被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)——受到排斥 / 被拋棄 / 被拒絕 / 被否定 / 被反對(duì)

and with it possiblythe only way to solve our problems(will continue to be rejected)省略結(jié)構(gòu)

with it 隨之;伴隨著它。

possibly the onlyway to solve our problems 解決問(wèn)題的惟一方式 / 唯一可能解決問(wèn)題的方式

參考譯文：

如果這些問(wèn)題得不到解決/除非這些問(wèn)題得到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥/被拋棄/被拒絕/被否定/被反對(duì)，解決問(wèn)題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。

得分重點(diǎn)：

條件狀語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)

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