自考英漢翻譯復(fù)習(xí)資料2

　　自考英漢翻譯復(fù)習(xí)資料2

　　21. The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Meridian Gate, the Outer Palace, the Inner Court, the Golden Water Bridge, the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Complete Harmony, the Hall of Preserving Harmony.

　　太和殿, 午門, 外朝, 內(nèi)延, 金水橋, 太和門, 中和殿, 保和殿

　　22.總面積共有68.2公頃, 燕京八景之一, 五龍亭, 九龍壁, 御花園, 白塔, 燕京, 琉璃瓦, 影壁

　　With a total area of 68.2 ha. One of the eight views of Beijing. The Five Dragon Pavilion. Nine-Dragon Screen. The Imperial garden. The White Dagoba. Beijing. Glazed tiles. Screen.

　　UNIT 4 ECONOMY

　　1. President Clinton realized---as al of us must---- that today’s economy is global.

　　正如每個人必須認識到的那樣,克林頓總統(tǒng)認識到當(dāng)今的經(jīng)濟具有全球性質(zhì).

　　2. 1977, the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion, putting China’s share of world at 0.6 percent. The most populous country in the world, China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world’s tenth largest exporter.

　　在1977年,中國進出口總額還不到150億美元,僅占世界貿(mào)易總額的0.6%, 世界上人口最多的中國在出口國家中排名靠后,僅是第30位,到1993年,中國進出口總額接近2000億美元,它已成為每10個最大的出口國.

　　3. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.

　　從1980年至1992年,人均國民生產(chǎn)總值平均增長率為7.6%.

　　4. But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades. In 1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the US economy. Last year, that figure, at 28%, was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years, jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million. That’s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars.

　　但在過去30年中,我們經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易的重要性大大地增加了,在1970年,雙邊貿(mào)易的總值占了整個美國經(jīng)濟的13%.去年上升到28%,比1970年增加了一倍多.就在過去7年中,美國的出口創(chuàng)造的就業(yè)機會增加了400萬個.總數(shù)上升到1100萬個.這個數(shù)字就占美國就業(yè)總數(shù)的1/10.去年, 美國貿(mào)易總額達到了1.8億美元.

　　5. Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. Foreign exchange.

　　無論是中國還是美國,都不會縮小貿(mào)易的重要性. 外匯.

　　6. Bilateral trade, the order of

　　雙邊貿(mào)易

　　7. sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.

　　為未來貿(mào)易與金融關(guān)系打下了一個堅實的基礎(chǔ).

　　8. China’s imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982. exports rose from $300 million to $ 2.3 billion during that period. Total Chinese trade has also risenj dramatically, from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly 10 billion to 22 billion, while imports increased from 10 billion to just over 21 billion.

　　中國從美國的進口額,從??到由9億美元增至近30億美元,對美出口額在這期間也從3億美元增至23億美元.中國的對外貿(mào)易總額也急速攀升, 中國的出口額從1978年的約100億美元增至1982年的220億美元,進口額與此同時也從100億美元增長到了210多個億美元.

　　9. joint ventures. Offshore oil exploration

　　合資企業(yè), 海上石油勘測

　　10. there are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future.

　　我們有理由保持樂觀的態(tài)度,有理由相信,未來貿(mào)易與金融關(guān)系會繼續(xù)發(fā)展.

　　11. Food production, industrial production. Light industries.

　　糧食產(chǎn)量, 工業(yè)生產(chǎn), 輕工業(yè)

　　12. I believe Chinese economic authorities recognize the problem and the next Five-Year Plan will address it effectively.

　　我相信中國的經(jīng)濟管理部門已認識到這個問題,在下一個”五年計劃”中定會有效地解決這一問題.

　　13. Britain lives by commerce. With 2% of the world’s population, we are the world’s fifth largest trading nation. We rely more than any other major economy on the goods and services that we export, the investment that we attract and we make abroad.

　　英國的生存依賴貿(mào)易. 雖然英國人口只占全球的2%, 它卻是世界第五大貿(mào)易國.英國對商品和服務(wù)出口以及對投資和引資的依賴超過了世界上其他主要經(jīng)濟體.

　　14.outward investor, net income, the share of foreign investment.

　　海外投資, 凈收入,

　　15. what this means is that Britain has direct experience of the benefits that international trade and investment generate.

　　這意味著英國直接享受到了國際投資所帶來的利益., 國際投資的蓬勃發(fā)展符合我國利益.

　　16. that is the way to maximize her share of world markets; and----as the UK knows from direct experience----to attract the stimulus, the technology and the funding that inward investment can offer.

　　最大限度地擴大其在世界上的市場份額的方法, 英國從自身直接的經(jīng)歷中體會到,吸引外資可以帶來動力,技術(shù)和資金.

　　17. 嚴復(fù)--<天演論>,信―忠實, 達―流暢, 雅―爾雅, 他并不十分重視”信”, 他說”譯文取明深義,故詞句之間,時有所顛倒附益,不斤斤于字比句次.” 周煦良教授在”翻譯三論”一文中說: 我認為應(yīng)當(dāng)作為”得體”來理解.

　　18. multilateral disciplines. Brought this home. Zero-sum game. Finite stock. Donor and recipient.

　　多邊條約, 感觸頗深, 盈利損失總體持平, 經(jīng)濟利益增長值, 投資方與被投資方

　　19. 立足國內(nèi)資源, 實現(xiàn)糧食基本自給, 是中國解決糧食供需問題的基本方針.

　　The basic principle for solving the problem of grain supply and demand in China is to reply on the domestic resources and basically achieve self-sufficiency in grain.

　　20.根據(jù)中國農(nóng)業(yè)自然資源,生產(chǎn)條件,技術(shù)水平和其他發(fā)展條件,糧食增產(chǎn)潛力很大.

　　Natural agricultural resources, production conditions, technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect.

　　21.即使考慮到土地報酬率遞減的因素,也是有條件實現(xiàn)的.

　　To achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered.

　　22.中國政府將在加強對現(xiàn)有耕地保護的同時,加快宜農(nóng)荒地的開發(fā)和工礦廢棄地的復(fù)墾.

　　The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines.

　　23. inland waters, aquaculture, aquatic products, intensification, animal by-products, arbor foodstuffs.

　　內(nèi)陸水域,養(yǎng)殖,水產(chǎn)品,集約化,畜產(chǎn)品,木本食物.

　　UNIT 5 CULTURE

　　1. it’s raining again. As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread. It’s raining, again.

　　又下雨了,我躺在床上,睡不著,聽著雨點兒落在路面上啪啪作響.我思緒萬千,恍恍惚惚進入了一條條幽暗的甬道,回想起許多痛苦的往事.心里一陣冰涼, 不禁感到毛骨悚然.是的,又在下雨了.

　　2.it does this every year in Southern California; at least that’s what they told me last year when I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.

　　加利福尼亞南部,年年如此;去年,雨無情地下個不停.我表示驚異, 人們就是這樣對我說的.

　　3. every child raised in the West knows about these dangers. At least that’s what I used to think. I’m not so sure anymore.

　　在西部長大的孩子都知道洪水的厲害.至少我過去是這樣想的,現(xiàn)在就不敢說的.

　　4. Habits form, however, and, in a child’s mind, most of the time becomes all of the time, and nobody gives it much thought. Then the rains come.

　　然而孩子們習(xí)以為常,在他們心目中,”大部分時間”變成了”全部時間”,而誰也沒有仔細去想這件事.后來就下起雨來了.\

　　5.在理論方面,魯迅曾針對當(dāng)時趙景深的”寧順而不信”的提法,提出了”寧信而不順”的主張. 1935年,魯迅在”題未定’草’”一文中又對翻譯作了新的概括.他說:”凡是翻譯,必須兼顧著兩面,一當(dāng)然力求其易解,一則保存著原作的豐姿.”也就是說,翻譯既要通順,又要忠實.

　　6. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others.

　　每一天我們都要做出許多選擇,大部分是為自己,有的也為別人.

　　7. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling water of the Los Angeles River.

　　不知怎的,我們就踏上了通向公園的小路.

　　8.Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring. The far bank.

　　許多孩子在告近水邊的地方玩耍.他們的無知與魯莽把我倆看呆了.

　　9. He jumped into the water to get his bike and was carried rapidly downstream, a look of panic and horror registering on his young face.

　　他跳進河里去撈車.急流一下子就把他給沖走了,他嚇壞了,臉上現(xiàn)出驚恐的表情.剎那間,我們要做出選擇.

　　10. the greatest instinct, I believe, is to help a child in need.

　　我想,是本能驅(qū)使我們?nèi)ゾ戎粋€危難中的孩子.

　　11. I could see that he had confronted much more than he could handle, even being as strong and athletic as he was.

　　從艾勒的表情,我知道,盡管他身強力壯,但當(dāng)時他面臨的困境是他無法擺脫的.

　　12. feeling of guilt, as a matter of course. That little was lucky to get out.

　　內(nèi)疚心理, 理所當(dāng)然, 那孩子命大的話會脫險的.

　　13. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.

　　我的父母年紀輕輕就去世了,可是說到祖輩,我還是選得不錯的.我外祖父固然是在風(fēng)華正茂之年就棄世了,當(dāng)時他只有六十七歲,但是我的祖父,祖母和外祖母卻都活到了八十以上.

　　14. my maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women’s higher education.

　　我外祖母有九個孩子活了下來,有一個孩子很小就死了,她還流產(chǎn)過多次.丈夫一死,她就致力于女子高等教育.

　　15. if you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.

　　你要是有廣泛的愛好和強烈的興趣,而且還有能力參加一些活動,你就沒有理由去考慮自己已經(jīng)活了多少歲這樣的具體數(shù)字,更沒有理由去考慮自己的余年大概是很有限的了.

　　16. one’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.

　　一個人應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮未來,考慮一些可以有所作為的事情.

　　17. It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’s mind more keen.

　　人們往往會對自己說,我過去感情多么豐富,思想多么敏銳,現(xiàn)在不行了.

　　18. the other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.

　　另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年輕人呆在一起,希望從青年的活力中吸取力量.

　　19. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.

　　動物,一旦它們的后代能夠自己照料自己,它們就不管了;但是人,由于撫養(yǎng)子女的時間長,是難以這樣做的.

　　20.在我國,從二十年代開始從事翻譯工作,從五十年代乃至八十年代還在討論翻譯問題的,大概只有兩個人,一個是郭沫若,一個就是茅盾.

　　21. I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities.

　　我認為,如果老年人對個人以外的事情懷有強烈的興趣,并參加適當(dāng)?shù)幕顒?我們的晚年是最容易過得好的, 他們的晚年才會是一生收獲的季節(jié).

　　22.Yong men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do ,to fear of death is somewhat object and ignoble.

　　年青時有這種想法是可以理解的. 年青人害怕陣亡疆場,而且一想到人生最美好的一切就這么被葬送了,恐懼的心情會更加嚴重.這種恐懼無可厚非.但作為老年人,人生的悲歡離合你已都經(jīng)歷過了,自己要做的事情也都做了,這時若還恐懼死亡,那就有些讓人瞧不起了.

　　23. An individual human existence should be like a river--- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end , without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.

　　一個人的一生應(yīng)像一條河----起初窄窄的,夾在兩岸之中,急速地流動闃,沖過巖石,沖下瀑布,漸漸地,河面變寬了,兩岸變得越來越遠,河水靜靜地流動著,直到最后,再也沒有什么阻礙了,因為這時,你已融入了大海,毫無痛苦地結(jié)束了自己單獨存在的那一段歷程.

　　24. 如今,能為他的這本散文集作序,我覺得很榮幸.

　　I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays.

　　25. <心上的河流>寫出了他對于小河流水的深情,這使我憶起死回我所熱愛的無邊的大海.

　　In “ A River at Heart”, he expressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek, which reminded me of my own love for the boundless, vast sea.

　　26.這幾年,我因行動不便, 整天過著”井蛙”的無聊生活,讀了這游記,絢麗生動得如經(jīng)其境,給了我很大的快樂.

　　In recent years, unable to move about easily, I have been leading a dull life like that of “a frog at the bottom of a well”. Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colourful and vivid that I felt I was actually there.

　　27.如同舊夢重溫一般,我回憶起1936年在倫敦的3個星期,在晝夜看不到日,月,星三光的濃霧之中,參觀了大英博物館,敏納斯教學(xué)-----訪問了一些英國朋友.

　　Just like going through old dreams, I remembered the three weeks I had spent in London in 1936. during that time, when the sun, the moon and the stars were hidden behind the thick fog day and night, I visited the British Museum and the Westminster and called on my English friends.

　　28.因為住處離羅浮宮很近,我就整個上午”泡”在羅浮宮里.

　　As I was very close to the Louvre, I would loiter in the palace the whole morning.

　　29. 吃過早餐,就出來坐在宮門臺附上,欣賞宮門口那一大座花壇,花壇里栽的是紅,黃,白,紫四色分明的盛開的郁金色.

　　After lunch, I would come out and sit on the steps at the entrance of the palace, enjoying the big flower beds near the gate filled with blooming tulips of distinctive red, yellow, white and purple.

　　30. 意大利是我最喜歡的一個歐洲國家.

　　One of my favourite European countries falls on Italy which is built of stone.

　　31.佛羅倫薩給我留下的,除了美術(shù)館里的雕像和壁畫之外,還有一座座府弟墻壁上的燈座,每座燈下都有一只拴馬的鐵環(huán),是聚會或宴客時拴馬用的,十分別致.

　　Things I can remember in Florence are the statues and murals in the Art Gallery as well as the lampstands on the walls of each house. Under each lampstand, there is q unique iron ring used to tie the horses when parties or banquets are held.

　　UNIT 6 LITERATURES

　　1. 重神似不重形似”這是在討論翻譯問題時常說的一句話. 傅雷―人間喜劇, 約翰.克利斯朵夫, 最難應(yīng)付的是原文中最簡單最明白而最短.

　　2.“No, no, no,” replied this individual, who was blond and vigorous and by nature a little irritable and contentious.

　　“沒有,沒有,沒有,” 這個人回答說.他長得漂漂亮亮,精神飽滿,生性有點暴躁, 喜歡爭吵.

　　3.茅盾:”直譯的意義若就淺處說,只是’不妄改原文的字句’;就深處說,還求’能保留原文的情調(diào)與風(fēng)格.”

　　4.”No, sir, but couldn’t I pick it up pretty quick if I tried hard?”

　　“是沒干過, 先生.但只要我用心,很快就會學(xué)會的,是吧?”

　　5.Clyde, left alone in this fashion, and not knowing just what it meant, stared, wondering.

　　克萊德就這么給甩在這兒了,弄不明白什么意思, 兩眼直愣愣地想呀想呀.

　　6.著名翻譯家王佐良教授以翻譯英詩為主,兼及散文和戲劇. 1980年出版的他的<英國詩文選擇集>中,有他譯的袁斯詩11首,雪萊詩8詩,麥克迪兒米詩10首,有他譯的培根的散文3篇,科貝特的散文6篇.1985年出版了他譯的<彭斯詩選>.此外他還曾將曹禺的<雷雨>譯成英語.

　　7.I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers.

　　我記得兒時給各種小草和隱蔽的小花取的名字.

　　8.It required only a rich winter of rain to make it break forth in grass and flowers.

　　只要經(jīng)歷一個雨量充足的冬季, 草呀,花呀, 就會長出來.

　　9. when June came the grasses headed out and turned brown, and the hills turned a brown which was not brown but a gold anad saffron and red----an indescribable color.

　　到6月,草就已經(jīng)長高了,顏色也變成棕色了.山則顯出一種特別的棕色,說棕也不是棕, 有點金黃,有點桔黃,還有點紅----也形容不出是個什么顏色.

　　10. It was a rasping nervous wind, and the dust particles cut into a man’s skin and burned his eyes.

　　大風(fēng)讓人們煩躁焦慮,塵土的微粒剮著人的臉,刺痛人的眼睛.

　　11. The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twings.

　　土地龜裂,泉水干枯,牛兒無精打采地啃著干樹枝.

　　12. The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.

　　站在我面前的是一位身材高大,衣著講究的先生, 與我先前想像的老海怪完全不同.

　　13. A delighted giggle cut through the severe silence. The ice was broken. We all laughed.

　　一陣咯咯的歡笑聲打破了嚴肅而沉寂的氣氛. 誰也不拘束了,大家都笑了起來.

　　14.在舊社會, 我們評劇演員常常掙錢不夠吃飯,藝人們大都是拉家?guī)Э?生活困難.

　　In the old society, Pinju players seldom made enough to live on. And as most were saddled with big families their life was hard.

　　15.臘月二十三封箱,把”祖師爺”請到前臺去, 后臺冷冷清清, 演員們就更苦了,要等到年初一開戲了,才能掙到錢.

　　On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month, when theatres closed and the patron saint of actors was invited to the front stage, leaving the backstage deserted, actors were even worse off, unable to earn any more until the reopening on New Year’s Day.

　　16. 真是一個錢撕成八瓣用,心里總是想著怎樣能夠改善家里的困境.

　　Each single copper had to be eked out, and I kept racking my brains for ways to improve our difficult conditions.

　　17.每天天不亮戴著星星去排隊,工廠沒開大門就排上老長的隊了.

　　We had to queue up before dawn when there were still stars in the sky. A long queue formed before the mill’s gate opened.

　　18.可我從頭到腳淋成了落湯雞了.

　　I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat.

　　UNIT 8 POPULAR SCIENCE

　　1. there were three groups of oils; animal, vegetable and mineral.

　　油可以分為三大類:動物油,植物油,礦物油.

　　2. a few other creatures yield oil, but non so much as whale.

　　有些動物也出油,但都沒有鯨魚出得多.

　　3. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.

　　植物油從古以來就為人們所熟悉.

　　4. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse, to it we owe the possibility of flying.

　　就是因為有了這種油,我們才能用上汽車,以代替馬車.就是因為有了這種油,我們才有可能飛行.

　　5. two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thing film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.

　　兩個金屬面相擦,就要產(chǎn)生摩擦和熱;但如果在它們之間抹上薄薄的一層油,就可以減少磨擦,降低熱度.

　　6. the statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing that chief oilfields of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.

　　石油原于大海的這種觀點是被人們所認可的,你要看一眼世界主要油井的分布圖就一目了然了, 幾乎沒有遠離現(xiàn)在海洋的油井.

　　7. the rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.

　　石油存在處的巖石也都有海洋的淵源.

　　8. A very common sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.

　　一塊極普通的沉積巖叫頁巖,這種頁巖質(zhì)地松軟,很明顯是通過海底沉積作用形成的. 有頁巖的地方,極有可能有石油.

　　9. the drill may just miss the oil although it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level.

　　有時石油雖就在附近,但因為沒鉆準地兒,結(jié)果還是一無所獲.有時呢,就這么一鉆,石油就噴出好高好高.

　　10. when the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed.

　　從油田獲得的原油要被送到煉油廠進行處理.接下來再將獲得的汽體濃縮后成為煤油.

　　11. We stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frost’s familiar poem, they are not equally fair

　　我們正處在兩條道路分岔的地方.但是并不像我們所熟悉的羅伯特.佛羅斯特詩中所說的,這兩條路是同樣的好.

　　12. right to know

　　知情權(quán)

　　13. A truly extraordinary variety of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available.

　　除了用化學(xué)方法控制昆蟲以外,還有其他各種非常奇妙的方法可以利用.

　　14. All have this in common: they are biological solutions, based on understanding of the living organisms they seek to control, and of the whole fabric of life to which these organisms belong.

　　所有這些方法都有一個共同點：他們都是生物的解決辦法，其基礎(chǔ)是人們對所要控制的生物體的了解，以及對這些生物體整個生活狀況的了解。

　　15. It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning; its quite stretches as well as its rapids; its periods of drought as well as of fullness.

　　其源頭，隱隱約約，并不引人注目;其流勢,時而平緩,時而湍急;其水情, 有汛期,也有枯謁期.

　　16. Dr. Knipling was ready for a full-scale test of his theory.

　　尼普林教授已在佛羅里達島進行了一些實地預(yù)備性實驗, 并計劃大規(guī)模地實踐其理論.

　　17. the resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetities of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that whould relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.

　　庫拉索島上的實驗大獲成功. 這引起了佛羅里達州特征畜飼養(yǎng)者的興趣,他們希望借助這一成果幫他們擺脫螺旋鈴繩這一禍害.

　　18. prearranged flight parents.

　　事先安排好的飛行隊形.

　　19. 中國還對廣闊的大陸架和專屬經(jīng)濟區(qū)行使主權(quán)權(quán)利和管轄權(quán);中國的海域處在中,低緯度地帶,自然環(huán)境和資源條件比較優(yōu)越. 人工養(yǎng)殖.

　　China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental shelves and exclusive economic zone, as defined by the Un Convention on the Law of the Sea. Located in medium and low latitudes, China’s sea areas have comparatively advantageous natural environmental and resource conditions.

　　20. 所謂上下文一般是指該語言單位的語言環(huán)境. 所謂狹義上下文是指句子的上下文, 即在一個句子的范圍內(nèi)該單位周圍的的一些語言單位.所謂廣義上下文是指該單位的超出句子范圍的語言環(huán)境,這就是話語上下文,即在該單位的周圍,在該單位之外,亦即在與之毗連的各個句子的語言單位的總和. 狹義上下文又可以分為句法上下文和詞匯上下文. 所謂環(huán)境, 是指:1.交際環(huán)境,媽了實現(xiàn)交行行為的環(huán)境; 2.通報主題,即話語中描述的一情景; 3. 交際參與者,即說者與聽者.

　　UNIT 9 LAW

　　1. As recently as the early 1960s, the phrase “environmental law” would probably have produced little more than a puzzled look, even from lany lawyers.

　　早在六十年代初,甚至連許多律師接觸到”環(huán)保法” 這個詞兒,大半也只會感到納決而已.

　　2.enforcement power, environmental statutes. Court of apples. Federal Power Commission. Grant a licese

　　執(zhí)法權(quán)力, 環(huán)境法, 上訴法院, 關(guān)邦電力委員會, 頒發(fā)許可證.

　　3.A powerful indictment of America’s disregard of ecology, Silent Spring was aimed chiefly at the wholesale use of chemical pesticides, especially DDT. In 1965 a court action took place that ranks in environmental importance with the publication of Silent Spring.

　　不久以后,在1962年雷切爾.卡林所著,名為<沉默的春天>一書問世了><沉默的春天>有力的控訴了美國之忽視生態(tài),它主要是針對大規(guī)模使用農(nóng)藥----特別是嘀滴涕. 1965年又發(fā)生了一件訴訟,其對環(huán)境之重要意義,不亞于<沉默的春天>之出版.

　　4. strip mining, noise pollution, offshore oil drilling, waste disposal. Aerosol cans, and nonreturnable beverage containers.

　　露天采礦, 噪音污染, 深海鉆油,廢物排放, 噴霧器罐及一次性飲料容器.

　　5. in fact, there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by the controversy that often pits those who style themselves environmentalists against proponents of economic growth in our energy-consumming society. The problem is to balance the needs of the environment against those of the economy or consumers trying to cope with the high cost of living without destroying the earth on which we all depend.

　　實際上,人類生活的方方面面都同這個爭議密切相關(guān).那些自稱為環(huán)保主義者的人十分關(guān)注這個皺議,他們反對社會消耗能源以求發(fā)展經(jīng)濟. 問題其實是要在環(huán)保需求同經(jīng)濟消耗需求之間找到平衡,既滿足生存的高消耗又不能破壞我們依賴的地球.

　　7. enacting legislation, Clean open land. Clean Air Act Amendment. State legislatures. Bills. Hearings. Private lobbies. Labor unions. Trade-offs. Immediate future. Taken into account.

　　實行規(guī)范, 空置土地, 凈化空氣法案, 凈化空所修正法案, 各州立法機構(gòu), 條款, 聽證會, 行業(yè)協(xié)會, 勞工會,

　　8. the contracting states. copyright protection international systems. Copyright proprietors. Cinematographic works.

　　締約國,成員國, 版權(quán)保護, 世界版權(quán)保護制度, 版權(quán)所有者, 電影的作品

　　9. For the purpose of this Convention any Contracting State may, by domestic legislation, assimilate to its own nationals any person domiciled in that State.

　　為實施本公約,任何成員國均可按照國內(nèi)立法,將經(jīng)常居住于該國的任何人按本國國民對待.

　　10. Director-General, signatory States. Come into force.

　　委員會主席, 締約國. 生效.

　　11. each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention

　　各締約國應(yīng)依據(jù)其憲法采取有效措施保證此公約的實施.

　　12. it is understood that at the date this convention cones into force in respect of any State, that State must be in a position under its domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention.

　　須明確的是此公約在締約國內(nèi)一經(jīng)生效, 該國就應(yīng)依據(jù)其國內(nèi)法律實施公約的各項條款.

　　13. 中華人民共和國

　　People’s Republic of China

　　14. 國際經(jīng)濟合作和技術(shù)交流, 平等互利的原則

　　International economic cooperation and technological exchange. On the principle of equality and mutual benefit.

　　15. 合營企業(yè)的一切活動應(yīng)遵守中華人民共和國法律, 法令和有關(guān)條例規(guī)定.

　　All activities of an equity joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the PRC.

　　16. 合營各方, 主管部門, 工商行政管理主管部門. 有限責(zé)任公司. 注冊資本.

　　Parties to the venture, competent department, State’s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration. Limited liability company. Registered capital.

　　17.合營企業(yè)各方可以現(xiàn)金, 實物,工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)等進行投資.

　　The parties to an equity joint venture may make their investment in cash, in kind or in industrial property rights.

　　18.董事會, 企業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃, 生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動方案, 收支預(yù)算, 利潤分配, 勞動工資計劃.

　　Board of directors; the venture’s development plans, proposals for production and business operations. The budget for revenues and expenditure, the distribution of profits. The plans concerning manpower and wages.

　　19. 毛利潤, 所得稅, 儲備基金, 職工獎勵及福利基金, 企業(yè)發(fā)展基金, 凈利潤, 注冊資本

　　Net profit. Income tax. Reserve fund. A bonus and welfare fund for workers and staff members and a venture expansion fund,

　　20. 外匯帳戶, 外匯管理條例,

　　Foreign exchange transactions. Regulations on foreign exchange control.

　　21. 合營企業(yè)所需原材料,燃料,配套件等, 應(yīng)盡先在中國購買, 也可由合營企業(yè)界自籌外匯,直接在國際市場上購買.

　　In its purchase of required raw and processed materials. Fuels, auxiliary equipment, etc. an equity joint ventures should first give priority to purchases in China. It may also make such purchases directly on the world market with foreign exchange raised by itself.

　　22. 外籍職工, 個人所得稅, 不可抗力, 全國人民代表大會

　　Foreign employee. Individual income tax. Force majeure. National People’s Congress.

　　UNIT 10 SPEECHES

　　1. distinguished guests. On behalf of. Incomparable hospitality.

　　諸位貴賓. 謹代表. 盛情款待.

　　2. Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.

　　我在外國從來沒有聽到過演奏得這么好的美國音樂.

　　3. gracious and eloquent remarks. Common ground. At the outset. Common interests.

　　盛情和雄辯的講話. 合作的共同點. 一開始. 共同利益.

　　4. we have acquired a keen sense of the diversity, dynamism, and progress of China under your policies of reform and opening to the outside world.

　　我們強烈地感受到你們所進行的改革和對外開放政策給中國帶來的多樣化,活力和進步.

　　5. more than eight years have passed since Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and I joined hands to establish full diplomatic relations between our two great nations.

　　自從鄧小平副總理和我共同建立我們兩個偉大國家之間的正式外交關(guān)系以來,已經(jīng)八年多了.

　　6. sino-American relationship. The forging of firm Sino-American ties. National security policies.

　　中美關(guān)系. 建立牢固的中美關(guān)系. 國家安全政策.

　　7. strategic relations. Non-government sectors.

　　戰(zhàn)略關(guān)系, 非政府部門

　　8. in this context, it is important for our two societies to search for areas of cooperation which clearly add to our mutual benefit.

　　在這種情況下, 兩國尋求能明顯帶來互惠互利的合作領(lǐng)域便顯得尤為重要.

　　9. in the area of public health. Although ours is relatively quite small, such activities, when combined with our common foreign policy interests and a growing commercial relationship, should help to remove the lingering fragility in Sino-American relations.

　　在公共健康領(lǐng)域方面. 盡管我方所占比例較小, 但此次項目, 涉及我們基本對外政策的利害關(guān)系及不斷增進的商業(yè)關(guān)系,必將有助于消除中美關(guān)系中長期存在的不穩(wěn)定因素.\

　　10. 先有哈佛,后有美利堅合眾國, 這說明了哈佛在美國歷史上的地位.

　　The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of American testifies to its position in the American history.

　　11. 中國教育界,科學(xué)界,文化界一直同哈佛大學(xué)保持著學(xué)術(shù)交流.

　　The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchange with this university.

　　12. 中國在自己發(fā)展的長河中, 形成了優(yōu)良的歷史文化傳統(tǒng).

　　In the prolonged course of its development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions