1999年考研英語翻譯真題解析

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1999年考研英語翻譯真題解析

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully andthen translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must bewritten clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as thereare historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees historyas the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historiansdetermines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search theevidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequentlypartial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that itspractitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to anunending process .

(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through externalchallenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and morefrom internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history oncerevered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciencesseemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providingrewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social sciencemethodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy ofhistorical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. (73) During this transfer ,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologiesdesigned to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

Methodology is a term that remainsinherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to theconcepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniquesappropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians,especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have beenaccused of "tunnel method , " frequently fall victim to the"technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sciences , thetechnicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certainparts of its technical implementation.(75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history asonly the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social sciencehistorians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

精美譯文：

(71)幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學家的實踐最趨于認為歷史學是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實并對其做出解釋。由于受時間和地點的限制，每一代史學家都要重新判斷過去哪些史料對其有重要價值。在這種探索中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)總是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏見的或帶有派別意識的。實際從事歷史研究的人總是知道，他們的努力只不過是為永無止境的探索過程添磚加瓦，這就使其工作頗具諷刺意味。

(72)人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。盡管歷史學曾經(jīng)崇尚它與文學和哲學的相似性，但新興的社會科學似乎為人們提出新問題和提供了解過去的有效途徑開辟了更為廣闊的天地。社會科學研究的方法必須改變以適應這樣一條指導，即以史料為基礎，而不是為當代社會之需。(73)在這種轉變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。

在歷史學界，方法論這個詞從來都是模棱兩可的。(74)所謂方法論究竟是指一般的歷史研究研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。史學家，尤其是那些局限于他們的研究興趣，以致被指責為“單方同研究法”的史學家，常常成了“單純技術方法論”的犧牲品。這種謬論在自然科學領域里也是屢見不鮮的，它錯誤地把整個學科與學科研究的某些操作方法等同起來。(75)這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派;前者認為歷史就是史學界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論;后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。

題目解析：

71) While there are almost as manydefinitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closelyconforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain thesignificant events of the past.

結構分析：

71) 讓步狀語從句While // there // are // almost 并列結構1 as many // definitions of history // 并列結構2as // there // are // historians, // 主句modern practice// most closely conforms to // one // (指代關系) 定語從句that// sees history as // the attempt // 多重定語to recreate / and 省略結構(to)explain // the 前置定語significant events / 介詞短語作后置定語of the past.

詞義推敲：

While 雖然，盡管

as many … as …和……一樣多，多達……

modernpractice 現(xiàn)代實踐

practice：a habitualor customary action or way of doing something 習慣習慣性或慣例性的行為或辦事方式

most closelyconforms to 最符合于

conform：to correspondin form or character; be similar 一致在形式或特征上相符;相似

one：指代“definition”，譯作“一個定義”。

attempt：an effort ora try 企圖或努力

to recreate 再現(xiàn)，重現(xiàn)(不能說重新創(chuàng)造歷史)

events 事件，結合上下文引申為史實

參考譯文：

幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代實踐最符合其中一個定義，這個定義把歷史學看來是試圖再現(xiàn)和解釋過去的重大歷史事件.

得分重點

讓步狀語從句，并列結構，定語從句，省略結構

72) Interest in historical methods hasarisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as anintellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historiansthemselves.

結構分析：

72) 主語Interest // 多重定語in historicalmethods // 謂語has arisen // 并列結構1less through // 多重定語external challenge / to thevalidity of / history / as an intellectual discipline // 并列結構2 and more from // 多重定語internal quarrels /among historians themselves (指代關系).

詞義推敲：

Interest inhistorical methods (人們)對歷史(研究)方法的關注(興趣)

less through … and morefrom … “更少是通過……更多是來自……”沒有“與其說是因為……不如說是因為……”好。

through 和from意思相同

external：外部的，客觀的

challenge：a demand forexplanation or justification; a calling into question質(zhì)疑要求解釋或證明為正當;質(zhì)疑

validity 真實性，正確性，效度

reliability信度

as an intellectualdiscipline作為一門學問/學科

intellectual：appealing toor engaging the intellect 知性的需用或使用智力的

discipline：a branch ofknowledge or teaching 學科;科目知識或教學的分支

internalquarrels 內(nèi)部意見不統(tǒng)一，內(nèi)部分歧

參考譯文：

人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問/與其說是因為外部對于歷史作為一門只是學科有效性的質(zhì)疑，還不如說是因為歷史學家自己內(nèi)部的爭論。

得分重點

并列結構，多重定語

73) During this transfer , traditionalhistorical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed tointerpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

結構分析：

73) 狀語結構During // this transfer, // 主句traditionalhistorical methods // 被動結構were augmented // by 多重定語additional methodologies / designed to interpret / the new forms of/ evidence / 介詞短語作后置定語in the historical study.

詞義推敲：

this transfer：這個轉變。

transfer：(instanceof) transferring or being transferred 轉移，調(diào)動，轉變

were augmented by：增加了

augment 充實，補充

additionalmethodologies 新方法

methodology：方法，方法論

designed to用來/旨在

the new forms ofevidence 新的證據(jù)形式，根據(jù)上下文意譯為在歷史學研究中的新史料

in the historicalstudy 在研究歷史時

參考譯文：

在這種轉變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。

得分重點：被動結構

74 )There is no agreement whethermethodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or tothe research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historicalinquiry.

結構分析：

74 ) 主句There // is // no agreement // 狀語從句whether // methodology // 并列結構1 refers to //多重定語the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / ingeneral // 并列結構2 or // 省略結構(refers)to // 多重定語the research techniques /appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry.

詞義推敲：

there is noagreement 人們尚未達成一致意見

agreement 統(tǒng)一的意見，一致看法

whether... or ... 究竟是……還是……

refer to 指

the concepts /peculiar to / historical work / in genera多重后置定語——后浪推前浪。我們翻譯為: 一般的歷史研究中的特有概念

the researchtechniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry：重后置定語——后浪推前浪。我們翻譯為:歷史探究中各個具體領域使用的研究手段

the researchtechniques 研究手段、手段

historical inquiry 歷史探究

the variousbranches 各個領域

appropriate to 適用于，合適于

參考譯文：

所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一/人們沒有一致意見。

得分重點

并列結構，狀語從句，省略結構，多重定語

75 ) It applies equally to traditionalhistorians who view history as only the external and internal criticism ofsources, and to social science historians who equate their activity withspecific techniques.

結構分析：

75) 主句It // applies equally 并列結構1 to// traditional historians // 定語從句who (指代關系) // view history as // only the external and intemal criticism of /sources, // 并列結構2 and 省略結構(applies)to // social science historians // 定語從句who// equate their 省略結構(research)activitywith // specific techniques.

詞義推敲：

It指示代詞，聯(lián)系上下文可以看出是指“technicist fallacy”(這種謬論)。

apply to 適用于

traditionalhistorians 傳統(tǒng)歷史學家，歷史傳統(tǒng)派

view history as 把歷史看作是

sources 源泉，引申為史料來源

social sciencehistorians 社會科學歷史學家，歷史社科派

their activity 活動，引申為歷史學研究活動，歷史研究

equate... with 把……等同于，認為……是

specific techniques具體方法

參考譯文：

這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派;(前者/歷史傳統(tǒng)派)認為歷史就是史學界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，(后者/歷史社科派)認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。

得分重點

并列結構，定語從句，省略結構

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