1995年考研英語翻譯真題解析
相關(guān)鏈接:歷年考研英語翻譯真題解析大匯總
1995年考研英語翻譯真題解析
Directions:
Readthe following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widelyused to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students,employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks inbooks, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, criticsdivert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetentusers. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics thatcan be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whetherthe results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partlyupon the tool itself but largely upon the user .
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon someknowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity,sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)Howwell the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon theamount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on theskill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps carefulscore knows that the information available is always incomplete and that thepredictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. Theyprovide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information aboutwhat a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person heis. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages andshortcomings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both ina particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experienceconcerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to bemeasured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to bemeasured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properlyused, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about manypeople Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not beenpreviously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do notcompensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able anunderprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorablecircumstances.
精美譯文:
標準化教育測試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員;這些測試一直是某些人近年來在書本、雜志、日報,甚至國會中進行抨擊的目標。(71)把標準化測試作為抨擊目標是錯誤的,因為在抨擊這類測試時,批評者沒有注意到其弊病來自測試使用者對測試不解或使用不當。這些測試本身只是一種工具。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當?shù)木葋頊y定。測試的結(jié)果是在有價值的、無意義的、還是誤導(dǎo)的,部分取決于這種工具本身,但主要取決于測試使用者。
所有對未來表現(xiàn)的有見識地的預(yù)測都是以在某種程度上了解有關(guān)過去的表現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的:學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)成績、研究效益、銷售記錄或任何符合需要的信息。(72)這些預(yù)測在多大程度上為的后來的表現(xiàn)所證實,這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性,以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。任何仔細記分的人都知道,所得到的信息總是不完全的,而且這些預(yù)測也總是會有錯誤的。
應(yīng)該根據(jù)這種觀點去考察標準化測試。標準化測試提供了快速、客觀地得到某些信息的方法,這些信息是有關(guān)一個人所學(xué)到的知識、他所獲得的技能,或者他是屬于哪一類型的人。這樣得到的信息,從性質(zhì)上講,與其它種類的信息一樣具有優(yōu)點或缺點。(73)因此,在某一特定情況下,究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息,或是兩者兼用,須憑有關(guān)相對效度的經(jīng)驗依據(jù)而定,也取決于諸如費用和有無來源等因素。
(74)一般來說,當所要測定的特征能很精確界定時,測試最為有效;而當所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時,測試的效果則最差。這些測試如能恰當使用,就能提供一種快速的方法來獲得有關(guān)許多人的可比性信息。有時這些測試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生,他們很高的潛在能力過去一直沒有被承認。但是也有入場多事情這些測試是不能勝任的。(75)例如,測試并不彌補明顯的社會不公;因此,它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話,會有多大才干。
題目解析:
71 )、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divertattention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:
71) 主句The target // is // wrong, // 原因狀語從句for // 狀語結(jié)構(gòu)in // attacking // the tests, // 從句的主句critics // divert attention from // the fault // 定語從句 主語that // 謂語 固定短語lies with // ill-informed /or incompetent users.
詞義推敲:
The target 根據(jù)上下文,這里特指標準化測試
for in attackingthe tests:因為在抨擊測試的過程中
for:因為
in:在…過程中
attack:攻擊,抨擊。
critics:one whoforms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of amatter 評論家形成并表達對某一事物的優(yōu)點、錯誤、價值或真實性的判斷的人
divert attentionfrom 原義是引開,引申為沒有注意到,忽略
lies with 在于
ill-informed 不甚了解,消息不靈通的
參考譯文:
把標準化測試作為抨擊的目標是錯誤的,因為在抨擊這類測試時,批評者沒有(注意到/ 忽略了)(測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對測試不甚了解或使用不當 / 批評家沒有注意到錯誤是由消息不靈通或者不能勝任的使用者造成的)。
得分重點:
插入結(jié)構(gòu),原因狀語從句,定語從句
72 )How well the predictions will bevalidated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , andappropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with whichit is interpreted.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:
72) 主語從句How well // 從句的主語thepredictions // 從句的謂語 被動結(jié)構(gòu)will be validated // by laterperformance // 謂語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 固定短語dependsupon // 多重定語the amount, / reliability, / andappropriateness // of the information / used // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)(depends)on // theskill / and wisdom // 定語從句with which // (指代關(guān)系)it // 被動結(jié)構(gòu)is interpreted.
詞義推敲:
How well thepredictions will be validated by:在多大程度上為……所證實
be validated by:為……所證實。被動結(jié)構(gòu)——最好少用“被”字。
validate:to establishthe soundness of; orroborate 證實建立…的正確性;確證
depends upon 取決于
the amount,reliability, and appropriateness of the information used:所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性
amount:a number 數(shù)字;數(shù)量
reliability 可靠性,信度——validity效度
appropriate:suitable fora particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting 適合于…的適合于某特定的人,條件,事件或地點的;適宜的
with which it isinterpreted定語從句
Which指代the skilland wisdom。
it指代theinformation。
參考譯文:
這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實,這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性,以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。
得分重點:
主語從句,被動結(jié)構(gòu),并列結(jié)構(gòu),省略結(jié)構(gòu),定語從句
73)、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in aparticular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experienceconcerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:
73) 主語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 Whether // to use // tests, / other kinds ofinformation, //并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 or 省略結(jié)構(gòu)(touse)指代關(guān)系both // 方式狀語in aparticular situation // 謂語 固定短語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)11depends, // 插入結(jié)構(gòu)therefore, // upon // 多重定語the evidence /from experience / concerning comparative validity // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)22 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)(depends)upon// 舉例such factors // as cost / and availability.
詞義推敲:
Whether to use ...,or (to use) 究竟是使用……還是(使用)……
or both:或是兩者兼用
both:指代前句的tests,other kinds of information
in a particularsituation 在某一特定情況下
particular:separate anddistinct from others of the same group, category, or nature 特定的,個別的與同一團體、范疇或種類的其他部分分離和區(qū)分出來的
the evidence fromexperience concerning comparative validity:多重后置定語——后浪推前浪,可以翻譯為:“關(guān)于相對效度的來自經(jīng)驗的證據(jù)”
such factors as... 諸如……等因素
參考譯文:
因此,在某一特定情況下,究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息,或是兩者兼用,(須憑有關(guān)相對效度的經(jīng)驗依據(jù)而定/取決于與相對效度有關(guān)的來自經(jīng)驗的證據(jù)),也取決于諸如費用和有無來源等因素。
得分重點:
并列結(jié)構(gòu),省略結(jié)構(gòu),插入結(jié)構(gòu)
74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to bemeasured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to bemeasured or predicted cannot be well defined.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:
74) 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)In general, // 主句 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1the tests // work // most effectively // 時間狀語從句when // 從句的主語the qualities / 非謂語作后置定語to be measured // 謂語被動結(jié)構(gòu)can be most precisely defined // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)(the tests work)least effectively // 時間狀語從句when // 從句中的主語從句what // (指代關(guān)系)is to be measured or predicted// 謂語 被動結(jié)構(gòu)can not be well defined.
詞義推敲:
In general 一般的說,大體上
work mosteffectively 最為有效
the qualities to bemeasured:所要測定的特征
qualities:特征,特性,品質(zhì),品德。作“質(zhì)量”解時,是抽象名次,沒有復(fù)數(shù)。
measure:測量, 測度, 估量, 分派, 權(quán)衡, 調(diào)節(jié)
be most precisely defined:很精確界定。
precisely 精確地,恰好地,明確地
definite:to specifydistinctly 清楚地規(guī)定
and leasteffectively:測試效果最差。省略了前面的the tests work
what is to bemeasured or predicted not be well defined:當所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地定義時
參考譯文:
一般的說,當所要測定的特征能很精確界定時,測試最為有效;而當所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時,測試的效果則最差。
得分重點:
并列結(jié)構(gòu),時間狀語從句,被動結(jié)構(gòu),省略結(jié)構(gòu),主語從句
75)For example, they do not compensatefor gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivilegedyoungster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:
75) 狀語結(jié)構(gòu) 舉例For example, // 主語 they // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 do not compensate for // gross social inequality, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and thus // do not tell // 賓語從句how able //從句的主語an underprivileged youngster // 謂語might have been // 虛擬條件句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)had he grown up// 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)under more favorable circumstances.
詞義推敲:
they 指代“測試”
compensate for 彌補
compensate:to serve asor provide a substitute or counterbalance 補償,彌補作為代替品或平衡物使用或提供
gross socialinequality 明顯的/巨大的社會不公
gross:glaringlyobvious; flagrant 公然的十分明顯的;罪惡昭著的
inequality:不公平,不平等
tell:說明,表明
underprivilegedyoungster:物質(zhì)條件差的/處于社會底層的/沒有特權(quán)的年輕人
had he grown up =if he had grown up(虛擬語氣中條件句的倒裝)
grow up:成長,興起,形成
under morefavorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下
circumstance:the sum ofdetermining factors beyond willful control 客觀形勢,情況除意志控制外的決定因素的總和
favorable:有利的,贊成的,討人喜歡的
參考譯文:
例如,測試并不彌補明顯的社會不公,因此它們不能說明(如果)一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,(如果)在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話,會有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。
得分重點:
并列結(jié)構(gòu),賓語從句,虛擬語氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
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