鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)榛�(di菐n)锛氬鍦�(gu贸)鍏掔鏂囧(xu茅)浣滃搧璩炴瀽(浜�)

1.婕㈡柉•鍏嬮噷鏂拏瀹�•瀹夊緬鐢熺殑銆婂畨寰掔敓绔ヨ┍銆�

婕㈡柉•鍏嬮噷鏂拏瀹�•瀹夊緬鐢�(1805锝�1875)鏄腹楹ヨ憲鍚嶇殑绔ヨ┍澶╂墠锛屼粬琚ū鐐�“涓栫晫鍏掔鏂囧(xu茅)鐨勫お闄�”锛屼竴鐢熷叡鍓�(chu脿ng)浣滀簡168绡囩瑭便€�

2.鑹惧€�•浜炴灞卞ぇ•绫崇埦鎭╃殑銆婂皬鐔婃韩灏�•鑿┿€�

鑹惧€�•浜炴灞卞ぇ•绫崇埦鎭�(1882锝�1956)锛岃嫳鍦�(gu贸)钁楀悕鍔囦綔瀹�銆�1926骞村嚭鐗堢殑銆婂皬鐔婃韩灏�•鑿┿€嬪拰1928骞村嚭鐗堢殑绾�(x霉)绡囥€婅彥灞嬫嫄瑙掕檿鐨勫皬鎴垮瓙銆�锛岀従(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ悎绋�“鑿╂浉”绯诲垪銆�20涓栫磤(j矛)20骞翠唬棰�(f膿ng)闈¤嫳鍦�(gu贸)锛岃嚦浠婄偤姝�“鑿╂浉”绯诲垪宸叉槸瀹跺柣鎴舵泬鐨勫厭绔ヨ畝鐗┿€�

銆婂皬鐔婃韩灏�•鑿┿€嬩腑鐨勫舰璞￠兘鏄摤浜哄寲鐨勭帺鍏�锛岃€屼笉鏄摤浜哄寲鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)鐗╋紝鏄綔鑰呭彈鑷繁灏忓厭瀛愮帺鍏风唺鐨勫暉鐧�(f膩)鑰屽壍(chu脿ng)浣滅殑銆傛韩灏�•鑿╂槸涓€鍊�(g猫)灏忕敺瀛╃殑鐜╁叿鐔�銆傚畠鐪嬩笂鍘绘湁榛�(di菐n)鍌伙紝闂�(gu膩n)閸垫檪(sh铆)鍒诲嵒寰堟(j墨)鏅�锛岃€屼笖鑳芥兂鍑鸿В姹哄晱椤岀殑濂戒富鎰�銆備粬鏈夐粸(di菐n)娣樻埃銆佹湁榛�(di菐n)楗�锛屽彲瀵屾湁鍚屾儏蹇�锛岃兘骞姪鍒ヤ汉锛岃€屼笖浠栧媷鏁紝鑳藉嚭濂�銆備粬鐗瑰垾鎰涚法鍞辨瓕璎�锛屽嵆鑸堝壍(chu脿ng)浣�锛屽嚭鍙ｆ垚姝屻€傜背鐖炬仼鐨勭瑭卞皪(du矛)鍏掔娓告埐鎬ф€濈董鐗瑰垾鎶曞叆锛屽洜鑰屽湪鎵ｄ綇鍏掔蹇冪悊涓婄壒鍒ュ湴閬�锛屾弿杩颁腑閫忓嚭骞介粯銆佺鎷�锛岀壒鍒ヨ◣瀛╁瓙鍠滄銆傝彥鐨勬晠浜嬪畬鍏ㄦ矑鏈変换浣曢毐钘忕殑鍚京锛屽畠鍠磾銆佺磾绮�銆�

3.濮滃凹•缇呭ぇ閲岀殑銆婃磱钄ラ牠姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€嬪拰銆婂亣瑭卞湅(gu贸)姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€�

鎰忓ぇ鍒╂枃瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺灏�•缇呭ぇ閲�(1920锝�1980)鐨勭瑭卞厖婊挎父妯傛€с€佸菇榛樻劅锛屽皪(du矛)姝峰彶銆佸皪(du矛)绀炬渻(hu矛)鐢熸椿鏈夋鎷姏銆�

1950锝�1957骞撮枔瀵簡绔ヨ┍銆婃磱钄ラ牠姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€�锛�1959骞村浜嗕唬琛ㄤ綔銆婂亣瑭卞湅(gu贸)姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€嬨€備粬绔ヨ┍涓墍琛ㄧ従(xi脿n)鐨勭悊鎯冲崄鍒嗗磭楂�锛屽洜鑰屽灏�•缇呭ぇ閲屽湪绔ヨ┍鍙蹭腑鐛插緱浜嗗緢楂樼殑鍦颁綅锛岃鍏獚(r猫n)鐐�20涓栫磤(j矛)绔ヨ┍鐨勬嘲鏂楀瀷浣滃锛屼簬1970 骞存Ξ鐛插湅(gu贸)闅涘畨寰掔敓鍏掔鏂囧(xu茅)浣滃鐛�(ji菐ng)銆�

缇呭ぇ閲屽媷鏁㈠湴鎶婄瑭辩殑绛嗚Ц娣辨繁鍦版帰閫�(j矛n)浜嗙従(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)绀炬渻(hu矛)鐨勫瑙€瀛樺湪锛屽湪绔ヨ┍鍏�(n猫i)鎻忕躬绀炬渻(hu矛)涓婂毚(y谩n)閲嶅瓨鍦ㄧ殑澶氭暩(sh霉)浜虹劇娆�(qu谩n)鐒″埄銆佽钵绐洶闋擄紝灏戞暩(sh霉)浜烘毚铏愮劇閬�銆佷綔濞佷綔绂忥紝涓€鍒囬兘鐪熷亣鑾鲸銆侀粦鐧介鍊掔殑绀炬渻(hu矛)鐝�(xi脿n)鐙€?锛佸爢绗玔闋闅�(xi菐n)瑷樸€嬪拰銆婂亣瑭卞湅(gu贸)姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€嬫鏄€欐ǎ鐨勭瑭辨澃浣�?锛佸爢绗玔闋闅�(xi菐n)瑷樸€嬭瑳杩扮殑鏄磱钄ラ牠鐨勭埜鐖歌€佹磱钄ュ洜鐒℃剰涓俯浜嗘妾帇涓€鑵宠闂�(gu膩n)閫�(j矛n)鐩�(ji膩n)鐛�锛屾磱钄ラ牠鎺㈢洠(ji膩n)鏅�(sh铆)锛岃€佹磱钄ュ憡瑷翠粬鐩�(ji膩n)鐛勯噷闂�(gu膩n)鐨勯兘鏄鐩寸殑浜猴紝鑰屽挤(qi谩ng)鐩�銆佹浜虹姱鍗诲湪妾告鐜嬬殑瀹腑椁�(y菐ng)钁椼€傛磱钄ラ牠涓嬫焙蹇冩晳鍑虹洠(ji膩n)鐛勯噷鐨勪汉銆備絾鏄紝姝ｇ暥(d膩ng)浠栨簴(zh菙n)鍌欑嚐(y铆ng)鏁戝崡鐡滆€佸ぇ鐖哄拰鏉戞皯鏅�(sh铆)锛屽嵒琚暘鑼勬澹姇鍏ヤ簡榛戠墷銆傚湪鐢伴紶銆佸皬娅绘鍜屽皬鑽夎帗鐨勫公鍔╀笅锛屼粬鎵嶈鏁戝嚭渚嗐€傚悗渚嗙敱浜庨潚璞嗗緥甯殑鑳屽彌锛屼粬鍙堣惤鍏ョ暘鑼勬澹箣鎵嬶紝琚棞(gu膩n)閫�(j矛n)鑰佹磱钄ユ墍鍦ㄧ殑鐩�(ji膩n)鐛勯噷銆傜敯榧犳妸娲炴墦鍒扮洠(ji膩n)鐛�锛屾晳鍑轰簡浠栧拰鎵€鏈夌殑鍥氱姱锛屾妾叺绱涚礇鏀句笅姝﹀櫒锛屽ぇ瀹跺叡鍚屾帹缈讳簡妾告鐜嬬殑绲�(t菕ng)娌伙紝鐛插緱浜嗚嚜鐢�銆傘€婂亣瑭卞湅(gu贸)姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€嬪瀛ゅ厭灏忔Ξ鑾変締鍒板亣瑭卞湅(gu贸)锛岄€欐槸涓€鍊�(g猫)浠ュ亣浜傜湡锛岃瑠瑷€姗鐨勫湅(gu贸)瀹�銆傚皬姒帀鍦�(tu谩n)绲�(ji茅)鐦歌叧璨擄紝鑱�(li谩n)鍚堢暙瀹�锛屾彮闇蹭簡娴风洔鐨勭湡瀵�(sh铆)闈㈢洰锛屾渶鍚庣敤姝岃伈闇囧潔鐩�(ji膩n)鐛勫拰鍦�(gu贸)鐜嬬殑瀹锛屽皣鍋囪┍鍦�(gu贸)寰炲湴鐞冧笂鎶瑰幓浜嗐€�

4.棣厠•鍚愭韩鐨勩€婃汞濮�•绱簽姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€�

銆婃汞濮�•绱簽姝烽毆(xi菐n)瑷樸€嬫槸缇庡湅(gu贸)鏉板嚭鐨勫皬瑾棣厠•鍚愭韩瀵殑鍥涘ぇ钁楀悕闀�(zh菐ng)绡囧皬瑾箣涓€锛岄€氶亷涓€绯诲垪鐢熷嫊(d貌ng)鏇叉姌鐨勬晠浜嬫儏绡€(ji茅)锛屽睍绀轰簡浣滃搧鐨勭劇绐棟琛�(sh霉)榄呭姏锛氭汞濮�•绱簽鍗婂鍘诲⒊鍦�锛屾剰澶栧湴閬囦笂浜嗕竴鍫�(ch菐ng)璎€娈烘銆傛帴钁�锛屾汞濮嗙敱浜庤矟鐞拰浠栨叒姘ｈ€岃垏濂藉弸鍠�•鍝堟尝涓€璧烽洟瀹跺嚭璧帮紝鍜屽搱鍏嬩竴璧峰潗绛忓瓙鍒颁竴鍊�(g猫)灏忓扯涓婂幓鐣�(d膩ng)“娴风洔”銆傞幃(zh猫n)涓婄殑浜轰笉鐭ラ亾浠栧€戠殑鍘诲悜锛屼互鐐轰粬鍊�?c猫)璇ゆ案闀呴€€鎳�?銆傚湪鐐轰粬鍊戣垑琛岃懍绂殑閭ｅぉ锛屼粬鍊�?n猫i)類辫棜s“濂囪贰鑸湴”鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜�銆傛汞濮嗘垚浜嗗(xu茅)鏍￠噷鐨勮嫳闆�銆傚湪娉曢櫌瀵╃悊鍏囨妗堟檪(sh铆)锛屾汞濮嗗厠鏈嶆亹鎳兼寚瑾�(r猫n)鍑虹湡姝ｇ殑鍏囨墜銆傛帴涓嬩締婀鍜屼竴浜涘叾浠栨湅鍙嬪幓涓€鍊�(g猫)杩峰鑸殑宸栨礊閲岀帺锛屾汞濮嗗拰璨濈惇杩疯矾浜�锛屽張鍦ㄦ礊閲岀鍒颁簡鍏囨墜銆傛汞濮嗘啈钁楄嚜宸辩殑姗�(j墨)鏅哄媷鏁紝鎿鸿劔浜嗗厙鎵�锛屾壘鍒板嚭鍙ｅ畨鍏ㄦ渚�锛屾渶鍚庨倓鎵惧埌浜嗗钘忋€傞€欑瘒鍏掔灏忚鎯呯瘈(ji茅)璺屽畷璧蜂紡锛屾サ瀵屽嫊(d貌ng)鎱�(t脿i)缇庛€�

5.纰ч簵鍏嬬挡•娉㈢壒鐨勩€婂皬鍏斿郊寰楃殑鏁呬簨銆�

銆婂皬鍏斿郊寰楃殑鏁呬簨銆嬫槸鑻卞湅(gu贸)浣滃纰ч簵鍏嬬挡•娉㈢壒(1866锝�1943)浜(y霉)鐧惧勾鐨勮憲鍚嶇瑭�銆傛尝鐗圭敓浜庣董澶氬埄浜炴檪(sh铆)浠ｇ殑涓€鍊�(g猫)鑻卞湅(gu贸)璨存棌瀹跺涵锛屽緸灏忓彈鍒拌壇濂界殑绻暙鏁欒偛锛屽枩鎰涘皬鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╁苟鐢ㄧ躬鐣締琛ㄩ仈(d谩)鎯宠薄銆傚ス鏀堕(y菐ng)浜嗚ū澶氬皬鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╋紝鏈夊厰瀛�銆佽湧铚�銆侀潚铔�銆佽泧銆侀紶銆佺嫍銆佸埡鐚�锛屻€婂皬鍏斿郊寰楃殑鏁呬簨銆嬩腑鐨勫郊寰楀氨鏄ス鐨勫鐗╁厰銆傚湪鑻卞湅(gu贸)褰煎緱鍏斿凡瀹跺柣鎴舵泬銆�

浣滆€�16姝叉檪(sh铆)灏辩敤鍦栫暙鐣ü鏋楅噷鐨勫厰瀛�銆佹澗榧犱互鍙婅嚜鐒�銆傛尝鐗瑰皣閫欎簺鍦栫暙鏁寸悊鎴愬湒鐣晠浜嬫浉锛屽氨鏄€欐湰銆婂厰瀛愬郊寰楃殑鏁呬簨銆�锛屽叡700澶氬箙鍦栫暙锛屽湪瑗挎柟瀹冭绋辩偤“绻湰鍦栨浉楂樹笉鍙攢鐨勯爞宄�”銆�

6.闃挎柉鐗归簵•鏋楁牸鍊殑銆婇暦(zh菐ng)瑗瓙鐨毊銆�

鐟炲吀浣滃闃挎柉鐗归簵•鏋楁牸鍊壍(chu脿ng)浣滀簡銆婇暦(zh菐ng)瑗瓙鐨毊銆嬪苟涓€鑸夋垚鍚嶃€傚ス涓€鐢熸湁绔ヨ┍80浣欓儴锛屽皬瑾強鍏朵粬浣滃搧鐧句綑閮�銆備綔鍝佽缈昏鎴�50浣欑ó瑾炶█鍑虹増锛岀嵅鍦�(gu贸)闅涘畨寰掔敓鍏掔鏂囧(xu茅)鐛�(ji菐ng)绛夐噸澶х崕(ji菐ng)闋�(xi脿ng)銆傞樋鏂壒楹�•鏋楁牸鍊瑾�(r猫n)鐐烘槸鐟炲吀20涓栫磤(j矛)涓悗鏈熺殑绔ヨ┍娉版枟銆傛灄鏍煎€笉鍍呮槸鐟炲吀鏂囧(xu茅)鐨勯噸瑕佹(bi膩o)蹇楋紝鏇撮噸瑕佺殑鏄湪涓栫晫鍏掔鏂囧(xu茅)鍙蹭笂鍔冨嚭浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)鏂版檪(sh铆)浠�锛屽嵆寰炴灄鏍煎€枊濮嬪厭绔ユ枃瀛�(xu茅)琚敞鍏ユ柊鐨勫厓绱�锛屽緸姝ゆ搧鏈変簡鏇村唬闂婄殑瀵╃編绌洪枔銆�

銆婇暦(zh菐ng)瑗瓙鐨毊銆嬪嚭鐗堜簬1945锝�1952骞�銆傜毊鐨ぉ涓嶆€曞湴涓嶆€�锛岄倠閲岄倠閬紝缈硅憲鍏╂灏忚井瀛�锛岃噳涓婃湁寰堝闆€鏂戯紝澶у槾宸�锛岃棈(l谩n)涓婅。鎷肩磪甯冩锛岄暦(zh菐ng)瑗瓙涓€鍙槸妫曡壊鐨�銆佷竴鍙槸榛戣壊鐨�銆傚ス鏈夌敤涓嶇洝閲戝梗鐨勭瀛愶紝濂规湁涓€绋兘鎺у埗浠讳綍鍫�(ch菐ng)闈㈢殑鑳藉姏锛岀毊鐨笉椤х寰嬪仛濂规兂鍋氱殑浜嬨€傜毊鐨噹鎬�銆佺媯鏀�锛屽弽灏�(du矛)鍛嗘澘鏁欒偛鍒跺害銆傜毊鐨槸鏋楁牸鍊悊鎯充腑鍚勭ó澶╂€ч兘鐛插緱鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑涓€鍊�(g猫)鍋囧畾褰㈣薄銆傜瑭辩殑姣忎竴鍊�(g猫)鎯呯瘈(ji茅)锛岄兘鏄コ浣滃鐨勬复鏈涘嚌绲�(ji茅)鑰屾垚銆�

鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍″弸鎯呮彁绀猴細浠ヤ笂鍏�(n猫i)瀹规槸鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍℃暀甯硣鏍奸牷閬撶偤鎮ㄦ暣鐞嗙殑2019骞煎厭鏁欏斧璩囨牸缍滃悎绱犺唱(zh矛)鑰冮粸(di菐n)绮鹃珦锛氬鍦�(gu贸)鍏掔鏂囧(xu茅)浣滃搧璩炴瀽锛堜簩锛夛紝榛�(di菐n)鎿婁笅闈㈡寜閳�鍏嶈不(f猫i)涓嬭級鏇村绮惧搧鍌欒€冭硣鏂�銆�