鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鎺ㄨ枽锛�2019骞村窎鍦熷伐绋嬪斧銆婂熀绀�(ch菙)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)銆嬭硣鏂欑簿閬稿尟绺�

鍖栧(xu茅)閸靛拰鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛�

1.鍖栧(xu茅)閸�

鍖栧(xu茅)閸碉細鍒嗗瓙鎴栨櫠楂斾腑鐩搁劙鐨勫師瀛�(闆㈠瓙)涔嬮枔鐨勫挤(qi谩ng)鐑堢殑鐩镐簰浣滅敤?锛涚槣W(xu茅)閸典竴鑸垎鐐洪噾灞嵉銆侀洟瀛愰嵉鍜屽叡鍍�(ji脿)閸�銆�

(1) 閲戝爆閸碉細閲戝爆鍘熷瓙澶栧堡鍍�(ji脿)闆诲瓙娓搁洟鎴愮偤鑷敱闆诲瓙鍚�锛岄潬鑷敱闆诲瓙鐨勯亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)灏囬噾灞洟瀛愭垨鍘熷瓙鑱�(li谩n)绯诲湪涓€璧风殑浣滅敤锛岀ū鐐洪噾灞嵉銆�

閲戝爆閸电殑鏈唱(zh矛)锛氶噾灞洟瀛愯垏鑷敱闆诲瓙涔嬮枔鐨勫韩(k霉)渚栧紩鍔�

(2) 闆㈠瓙閸碉細闆昏矤(f霉)鎬у緢灏忕殑閲戝爆鍘熷瓙鍜岄浕璨�(f霉)鎬у緢澶х殑闈為噾灞洟鍘熷瓙鐩镐簰闈犺繎鏅�(sh铆)锛岄噾灞師瀛愬け闆诲瓙褰㈡垚姝ｉ洟瀛�锛岄潪閲戝爆闆㈠師瀛愬緱鍒板師瀛愬舰鎴愯矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙锛岀敱姝�銆佽矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙闈犻潨闆诲紩鍔涘舰鎴愮殑鍖栧(xu茅)閸�銆�

闆㈠瓙閸电殑鐗瑰緛锛�

1)娌掓湁鏂瑰悜鎬�

2) 娌掓湁椋藉拰鎬�

闆㈠瓙鐨勫灞ら浕瀛愭(g貌u)鍨嬪ぇ鑷存湁锛�

8闆诲瓙妲�(g貌u)鍨�——ns2np6,濡侼a+, Al3+, Sc3+,Ti4+绛�;

18闆诲瓙妲�(g貌u)鍨�——ns2np6nd10;锛屽Ga3+銆丼n4+銆丼b5+銆丄g+, Zn2+绛�;

9-17闆诲瓙妲�(g貌u)鍨�——ns2np6nd1-9,濡侳e3+, Mn2+, Ni2+銆丆u2+锛孉u3+绛�;

18 + 2 闆诲瓙妲�(g貌u)鍨�——(n-1)s2p6d10 ns2锛�锛屽Pb2+, Bi3+绛�;

2闆诲瓙妲�(g貌u)鍨�——1s2锛屽Li+, Be2+銆�

(3)鍏卞児(ji脿)閸碉細鍒嗗瓙鍏�(n猫i)鍘熷瓙闁撻€氶亷鍏辩敤闆诲瓙灏�(du矛)(闆诲瓙浜戦噸鐤�)鎵€褰㈡垚鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)閸�銆�

鍙敤鍍�(ji脿)閸电悊璜栦締瑾槑鍏卞児(ji脿)閸电殑褰㈡垚:

1)鍍�(ji脿)閸电悊璜栵細鍍�(ji脿)閸电悊璜栬獚(r猫n)鐐哄吀鍨嬬殑鍏卞児(ji脿)閸垫槸鍦ㄩ潪閲戝爆鍠唱(zh矛)鎴栭浕璨�(f霉)鎬х浉宸笉澶х殑鍘熷瓙涔嬮枔閫氶亷闆诲瓙鐨勭浉浜掗厤灏�(du矛)鑰屽舰鎴�銆傚師瀛愪腑涓€鍊�(g猫)鏈垚灏�(du矛)闆诲瓙鍙兘鍜屽彟涓€鍊�(g猫)鍘熷瓙涓嚜鏃嬬浉鍙嶇殑涓€鍊�(g猫)闆诲瓙閰嶅皪(du矛)鎴愰嵉锛屼笖鎴愰嵉鏅�(sh铆)鍘熷瓙杌岄亾瑕佸皪(du矛)绋辨€у尮閰�,骞跺(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)鏈€澶х▼搴︾殑閲嶇枈銆�

鍏卞児(ji脿)閸电殑鐗规€э細

1)鍏卞児(ji脿)閸靛叿鏈夐＝鍜屾€э細鍏卞児(ji脿)閸电殑鏁�(sh霉)鐩彇姹轰簬鎴愰嵉鍘熷瓙鎵€鎿佹湁鐨勬湭鎴愬皪(du矛)闆诲瓙鐨勬暩(sh霉)鐩�銆�

2)鍏卞児(ji脿)閸靛叿鏈夋柟鍚戞€э細灏�(du矛)绋辨€у尮閰�;鏈€澶ч噸鐤�銆�

2)鏍规摎(j霉)閲嶇枈鐨勬柟寮忎笉鍚�,鍏卞児(ji脿)閸靛垎鐐猴細

σ閸碉細鍘熷瓙杌岄亾娌垮叐鏍搁€ｇ窔锛屼互“闋闋�”鏂瑰紡閲嶇枈,渚嬪:

H2: H-H,S-Sσ閸�, HCl: H-Cl, S-Pxσ閸�, Cl2: Cl-Cl, Px-Pxσ閸�

閸碉細鍘熷瓙娌垮叐鏍搁€ｇ窔浠�“ 鑲╁苟鑲�”鏂瑰紡閫�(j矛n)琛岄噸鐤�銆�

渚嬪: 鍠嵉 锛�σ Cl2: Px-Pxσ閸�.

闆欓嵉 锛�σ+袥 -C=C- : Px-Pxσ閸�, Py-Py袥閸�.

涓夐嵉锛�σ+袥+袥 N2 涓璑≡N: Px-Pxσ閸�, Py-Py袥閸�; PZ-PZ袥閸�.

2.鍒嗗瓙鐨勬サ鎬ц垏闆诲伓妤电煩

妤垫€у垎瀛愬拰闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愮敤闆诲伓妤电煩μ渚嗗崁(q奴)鍒�銆�

(1)闆诲伓妤电煩μ: μ = q·ι

q锛氭璨�(f霉)闆昏嵎涓績鎵€甯堕浕閲�;ι锛氭璨�(f霉)闆昏嵎涓績涔嬮枔鐨勮窛闆€€�

(2)妤垫€у垎瀛愶細姝ｈ矤(f霉)闆昏嵎涓績涓嶉噸鍚堢殑鍒嗗瓙.鍏堕浕鍋舵サ鐭╁ぇ浜庨浂,鍗�μ >0

濡傦細H2O,HX,SO2,H2S,HCN绛夊叾μ >0锛岀偤妤垫€у垎瀛�銆�

(3)闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愶細姝ｈ矤(f霉)闆昏嵎涓績閲嶅悎鐨勫垎瀛�. 鍏堕浕鍋舵サ鐭╃瓑浜庨浂,鍗�μ=0銆�

濡傦細CH4銆� CCl4銆丆O2銆丆S2銆丯2銆丠2 绛�μ=0锛岀偤闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛�銆�

(4)鍒嗗瓙妤垫€ц垏閸电殑妤垫€х殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�

1)灏�(du矛)浜庨洐鍘熷瓙鍒嗗瓙锛氬垎瀛愮殑妤垫€ц垏閸电殑妤垫€т竴鑷�,鍗抽嵉鏄サ鎬х殑,鍏跺垎瀛愪篃鏄サ鎬х殑,涓旈嵉鐨勬サ鎬ц秺澶�,鍒嗗瓙鐨勬サ鎬ц秺寮�(qi谩ng),濡傛サ鎬F锕Cl锕Br锕I;鑻ラ嵉鏄潪妤垫€х殑,鍏跺垎瀛愪篃鏄潪妤垫€х殑,濡�. N2銆丠2銆丱2绛�.

2)灏�(du矛)浜庡鍘熷瓙鍒嗗瓙锛氬垎瀛愮殑妤垫€ц垏閸电殑妤垫€т笉涓€瀹氫竴鑷�,鍒嗗瓙鐨勬サ鎬т笉鍍呭彇姹轰簬閸电殑妤垫€�,鑰屼笖鑸囧垎瀛愮殑绌洪枔妲�(g貌u)鍨嬫湁闂�(gu膩n).绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)灏�(du矛)绋辩殑鍒嗗瓙,閸电殑妤垫€у彲鐩镐簰鎶垫秷,鍒嗗瓙鐐洪潪妤垫€у垎瀛愩€�

濡傦細CH4銆� CCl4銆丆O2銆丆S2绛夊垎瀛�锛岀敱浜庡垎瀛愮┖闁撶祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)灏�(du矛)绋�锛屽叾鍒嗗瓙鐐洪潪妤垫€у垎瀛�銆�

浠ヤ笂鍏�(n猫i)瀹规槸2019骞村窎鍦熷伐绋嬪斧銆婂熀绀�(ch菙)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)銆嬭€冮粸(di菐n):鍖栧(xu茅)閸靛拰鍒嗗瓙绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屼緵澶у鍙冭€冨(xu茅)缈�(x铆)!鐐哄公鍔╄€冪敓鍙婃檪(sh铆)鐛插彇2019骞村窎鍦熷伐绋嬪斧婧�(zh菙n)鑰冭瓑鎵撳嵃鏅�(sh铆)闁擄紝鍙互榛�(di菐n)鎿� 鍏嶈不(f猫i)闋�(y霉)绱勭煭淇℃彁閱�

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