2015年職稱英語考試綜合類：閱讀材料七

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　　美洲文學(xué)的開端

　　美洲一直是一個充滿新開端的地方。15世紀歐洲發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲之后這個神奇的新世界給很多人提供了真正的新生活的希望，讓他們遠離貧窮和迫害，開始一次新生。我們可以說美國是在這種對新生活的美好愿望中誕生的。那么美洲文學(xué)是何時開始的呢?

　　美洲文學(xué)是在美洲生活經(jīng)歷中產(chǎn)生的。早在第一個殖民者踏上美洲大陸之前，在哥倫布到達這里之前，甚至1 000年北歐人聲稱發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲之前，這塊土地上就有美洲印第安人居住。每個部落的文學(xué)都緊密地交織到日常生活的構(gòu)架中去，反映了和土地密切相連的確鑿無疑的美洲生活經(jīng)歷。另一種美洲經(jīng)歷是充滿恐懼又令人興奮的哥倫布及其他探險家?guī)Щ丶亦l(xiāng)的用西班牙語，法語和英語成的報告。另外還有一些新英格蘭荒原-上生活的人在日記中記載了早時那難忘的困苦以及有時讓人心痛的經(jīng)歷。

　　美洲的生活經(jīng)歷是美洲早期文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的關(guān)鍵因素。這個新世界給人們提供了各種各樣的生活經(jīng)歷，這就需要大量的美洲早期文學(xué)家用各種各樣的方式來描述美洲生活。這些文學(xué)家包括僅在美洲居住兩年半的約翰?史密斯，還有約翰遜?愛德華和維廉姆?白伊德。這兩位自認為是大英帝國臣民的英國作家對一場將會創(chuàng)造出一個擁有自己文學(xué)的美利堅合眾國的革命從來沒有任何懷疑。不管是美洲印第安人，探險家，還是清教徒，新派妻子，農(nóng)場主等等，他們都是最初美洲文學(xué)的創(chuàng)造者。

　　The Beginning of American Literature

　　American has always been a land of beginnings. After Europeans 'discovered' America in the fifteenth century, the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life, an escape from poverty and persecution, a chance to start again. We can say that, as nation, America begins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?

　　American literature begins with American experiences. Long before the first colonists arrived, before Christopher Columbus1, before the Northmen who 'found' America about the year 1,000, Native Americans lived here. Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land2. Another kind of experience, one filled with fear and excitement, found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English. In addition, the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilderness3 tell unforgettable tales of hard and sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.

　　Experience, then, is the key to early American literature. The New World provided a great variety of experiences, and these experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers. These writers included John Smith, who spent only two-and-a-half years On the American continent. They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd, who thought of themselves as British subjects, never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own. American Indians, explorers, Puritan ministers, frontier wives, plantation owner - they are all the creators of the first American literature.

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