2020考研英語語法大全:動詞
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2020考研英語語法大全:動詞
動詞
動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞,根據(jù)其意義和作用,動詞可分為實義動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。動詞涉及的內(nèi)容很多,本書僅就研究生考試中常涉及的動詞時態(tài)、時態(tài)一致以及部分情態(tài)動詞作深入講解。
一、時態(tài)(Tense)
時態(tài)是表示動作發(fā)生的時間和表現(xiàn)方式的一種動詞形式,英語動詞的時態(tài)有16種,但在研究生考試以及其他考試中??嫉臅r態(tài)只有幾種。不管何種時態(tài),所包含的主要內(nèi)容都是相同的,即時態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及用法。本書著重講解重要時態(tài)的用法。
(一)一般現(xiàn)在時(Simple Present Tense)
1. 表示客觀真理或科學(xué)事實。
例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moon?s surface is only one?sixth of that at the earth?s surface.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修飾a mass;in consequence后是另一個并列句。
譯文: 月球的質(zhì)量差不多是地球質(zhì)量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (2001年第8題)
分析: 該句由兩個句子構(gòu)成,前一個是簡單句,后一個句子是復(fù)合句;that后是一賓語從句。
譯文: 翻譯中的一個難點在于找到一個相對應(yīng)的概念。這就是說,在翻譯過程中一種語言的概念會丟失或發(fā)生意義上的改變。
2. 表示現(xiàn)在反復(fù)發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作以及存在的狀態(tài),常與always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等時間狀語連用。
例句: It?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位語;when后省略了people are。
譯文: 人們在暴怒時通常會喪失理智。
例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (選自2003年Text 4)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分為physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分詞短語frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定語;從句what is scientifically justified作介詞beyond 的賓語。
譯文: 醫(yī)生由于不能夠治愈疾病,同時又擔(dān)心病人失去希望,因而常常采用極端大膽的治療方法,這些方法遠遠超過了科學(xué)所能認(rèn)同的界限。
3. 表示按計劃進行的將來動作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等詞。
例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。該復(fù)合句中包含when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句和that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
譯文: 他來時,請轉(zhuǎn)告他我告訴你的一切。
4. 用在時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作。
例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.
分析: 該句中的the moment為連詞,意為“一……就”,相當(dāng)于as soon as。
譯文:他一結(jié)束工作就會來。
例句: If it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.
譯文: 如果明天天氣好的話,我們將去逛商場。
5. 表示主語的能力、性格、個性等。
例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (2001年第25題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
譯文: 作為一門產(chǎn)業(yè),生物技術(shù)在營業(yè)額上可以與電子業(yè)相媲美,并且到了2020年還有可能在社會影響上超過它。
例句: The director treats his staff as equals.
譯文: 主任對其下屬一視同仁。
6. 表示格言或警句。
例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
譯文: 一個籬笆三個樁,一個好漢三個幫。
例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
譯文: 讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,倫理使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯。
(二)現(xiàn)在完成時(Present Perfect Tense)
1. 已完成用法: 表示動作在過去某一不明確的時間已完成,強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,這一用法常不帶時間狀語或可與不明確的時間狀語連用,如: already,yet,ever,just,never。
例句: I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (2006年第48題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。在because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中又加入了由while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 我之所以將他(普通科學(xué)家)排除在外,是因為盡管他的成果可能有助于解決道德問題,但他承擔(dān)的任務(wù)只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面。
例句:The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more .
(三)過去完成時(Past Perfect Tense)
1. 表示過去某時刻以前發(fā)生和完成的動作,即過去的過去,常用于主從復(fù)合句中。
例句: She felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed. (2001年第4題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句用的是過去完成時,所以主句只能用過去的時態(tài);由于主句用的是一般過去時felt,那么其時間狀語應(yīng)用過去完成時,即 as后的完整形式應(yīng)是as she had felt。
譯文: 她舉止謙遜、得體,就像他當(dāng)初見到她時她所表現(xiàn)的那樣: 金黃色的卷發(fā),尖尖的紅指甲。
例句: Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (選自2007年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。he liberated是修飾the areas的定語,在從句前省略了作賓語的關(guān)系 代詞which或that。
(四)一般將來時(Simple Future Tense)
一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態(tài),其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+動詞,表示單純的將來含義。
例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。written and spoken作定語修飾language;that后是一結(jié)果狀語從句。
譯文: 有朝一日,軟件既能用來做文字翻譯又能做口頭翻譯,而且能翻譯得很好,以至于對任何通用的第二語言的需求都會下降。
例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (選自2006年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾its own hotel;從句中you may be sure是插入語,從句的主干部分為which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
譯文: 希爾頓正在那兒建立自己的酒店,你或許可以肯定它將配有(以莎士比亞劇中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾王休息室、班柯宴會包間等,而且價格非常昂貴。
2. be going to+動詞,表示按計劃或打算在最近的將來做某事,也可表示對未來的預(yù)測。
例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語從句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分別修飾poor people以及richer people;從句的主干部分為poor people are in conflict with richer people。
譯文: 一般來說,只要窮人與富人(也就是一般的有色人種和白色人種)之間有沖突,那么這個世界上的種族沖突就不會停止。
例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (選自2005年P(guān)art C)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 顯然,只有規(guī)模最大、應(yīng)變能力最強的電視傳媒集團才能夠在這個精彩紛呈而又競爭 激烈的市場中生存。
3. be to+動詞,表示按計劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作或要求別人去做的事,常用來表示官方的命令、決定、禁止、許可等。
例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。其中,在主句中,定語從句it hopes to attract修飾audience。
譯文:如果吉爾伯特和紐約愛樂樂團想獲得成功,他們首先必須改變美國最古老的交響樂團和其想要吸引的新一批觀眾間的關(guān)系。
例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,本句主干為his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定語從句which governs his activity修飾the moral code;其中not...any more than意為“不……也不……”。
譯文: 但是,他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行動的道德規(guī)范,就如同不能指望商人專注于探討行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。
4.be about to+動詞,表示最近即將發(fā)生的動作,不接時間狀語。
例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語從句who is not about to pay compliments to...修飾a young man。
譯文: 馬林是個有獨立思考能力的年輕人,他不會恭維他的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,其中定語從句who was a school teacher修飾his brother。主干部分為His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
譯文: 他的哥哥是一位老師,已身無分文,并患上了胃潰瘍,他的一個孩子要接受一次大手術(shù),他的愛人將要生一對雙胞胎。
5. 位置移動動詞,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+現(xiàn)在分詞,表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的一個動作,常跟較近將來時間狀語連用。
例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。
譯文: 春節(jié)就要到了,城里人都在忙著做各種各樣的準(zhǔn)備。
6. 動詞come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來,表示已經(jīng)預(yù)先計劃安排好的或肯定發(fā)生的動作,主語常為事物名詞。
例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。arrive用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
譯文: 你到達倫敦時,我們將已經(jīng)在歐洲待了兩周了。
(五)現(xiàn)在進行時(Present Continuous Tense)
表示此刻正在進行或在目前限定時間內(nèi)不斷進行的動作。
例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed data?security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(選自2007年Text 4)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后的內(nèi)容是對前面所提內(nèi)容的進一步說明。
譯文: 這一切很快就會改變: 很多提議的信息安全法規(guī)正在華盛頓逐一討論。
例句:It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life?enriching experience. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句中,破折號前是一個復(fù)合句,其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引號中的內(nèi)容與其前cover story為同位語關(guān)系;破折號后的內(nèi)容是對前面陳述內(nèi)容的解釋,
(六)一般過去時(Simple Past Tense)
1. 表示在確定的過去時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 2005等。
例句: It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. (選自2002年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中It was...that是強調(diào)句型;which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the context;within是定語從句中l(wèi)ive后的介詞,即live within the context。
譯文: 正是在這個計算機時代,“信息社會”一詞被廣泛用來形容我們所生活的環(huán)境。
例句: The Greeks assumed that the language structure had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse the language could be. (2004年第61題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that后是一賓語從句,作assumed的賓語;which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾前面賓語從句中提到的內(nèi)容,其中又套了一個由before引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,賓語從句how .
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