2018考研英語一真題及答案解析(網(wǎng)絡(luò)版)

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2020考研初試已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，本次考研成績預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)在2020年2月10日左右陸續(xù)公布，小編為大家整理了全國各省份2020考研成績查詢時(shí)間及入口為避免錯(cuò)過成績查詢時(shí)間，考生可以 免費(fèi)預(yù)約短信提醒服務(wù)，屆時(shí)可提前收到成績查詢時(shí)間提醒短信，以下是2018年考研英語一試題與答案解析：

2018年考研英語一試題與答案解析

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _____(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _____(3).

_____(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _____(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____(7) with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _____(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _____(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____(10) who inhaled something else.

_____(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _____(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____(13) a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _____(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What's in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look _____ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _____ (16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _____(17) them.

Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _____ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _____ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the "_____(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity.

1. A.on B.like C.for D.from

2. A.faith B.concern C.attention D.interest

3. A.benefit B.debt C.hope D.price

4. A.Therefore B.Then C.Instead D.Again

5. A.Until B.Unless C.Although D.When

6. A.selects B.produces C.applies D.maintains

7. A.consult B.compete C.connect D.compare

8. A.at B.by C.of D.to

9. A.context B.mood C.period D.circle

10. A.counterparts B.substitutes C.colleagues D.supporters

11. A.Funny B.Lucky C.Odd D.Ironic

12. A.monitor B.protect C.surprise D.delight

13. A.between B.within C.toward D.over

14. A.transferred B.added C.introduced D.entrusted

15. A.out B.back C.around D.inside

16. A.discovered B.proved C.insisted D.remembered

17. A.betrayed B.wronged C.fooled D.mocked

18. A.forced B.willing C.hesitant D.entitled

19. A.In contrast B.As a result C.On the whole D.For instance

20. A.inflexible B.incapable C.unreliable D.unsuitable

1.【答案】C

【解析】該題選擇的是介詞，與后面的many worthwhile things一塊做后置定語修飾前面的condition,表明對于許多重要事情來說是一個(gè)必要的條件。而A選項(xiàng)from(來自于)，C選項(xiàng)like(像)D選項(xiàng)on(關(guān)于)均語義不搭。

2.【答案】A

【解析】此處考察語義一致和對上下文辨析的問題。該空是做put的賓語，通過前面的On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面,信任對許多重要事情來說是必要條件，比如照看孩子，友誼等);on the other hand 可以得知該題仍然是在講述關(guān)于主題 trust的問題，所以只有faith(信任)最合適。而B選項(xiàng)concern(關(guān)心，關(guān)注)，C選項(xiàng)attention(注意)，D選項(xiàng)interest(興趣，利益)均不符題意。

3.【答案】D

【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。前文說到putting your _____in the wrong place often carries a high _____(把……放在錯(cuò)誤的地方通常會(huì)帶來巨大的……)，可以知道該空肯定也是填貶義，但肯定不能是debt債務(wù)這種具體含義，所以只能選price，并且carries a high price也指付出高昂的代價(jià)。

4.【答案】B

【解析】此題考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系。上一段分析的是信任的利弊，該段所指內(nèi)容_____, why do we trust at all? (我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)要信任?)所以采用了遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，進(jìn)一步說明信任的具體內(nèi)容。只有D選項(xiàng)then(然后，那么)最符合語義搭配。而A選項(xiàng)again(再次)表示強(qiáng)調(diào);B選項(xiàng)instead(然而)表轉(zhuǎn)折;而C選項(xiàng)therefore(因此)表結(jié)果，均不符合。

5. 【答案】D

【解析】此處再一次考察邏輯關(guān)系。該空_____ people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin，a hormone(___人們信任一個(gè)人或者一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)，大腦都會(huì)釋放一種荷爾蒙),只有when(當(dāng)……時(shí))符合上下文語境和邏輯語境。

6. 【答案】B

【解析】該題是考察定語從句的動(dòng)賓搭配問題。上一句說當(dāng)人們產(chǎn)生信任感，大腦就會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種荷爾蒙，a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings這個(gè)that就是定語從句，指這種荷爾蒙能_____令人愉悅的感覺，只能是produce 最符合語境。

7.【答案】C

【解析】考察詞義辨析。該空所填為動(dòng)詞，并且要求與之后的with形成搭配。and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____with one another. 說明這種荷爾蒙能夠引發(fā)一種群居本能，這種本能能讓羊群聚在一起，and的后面的內(nèi)容也與前面的flock together同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。所以只有connect最符合語境。

8. 【答案】D

【解析】該題考察固定搭配。與exposure to構(gòu)成固定搭配的關(guān)系。表示“接觸”

9. 【答案】B

【解析】該題考察上下文語義。上文中說到這種荷爾蒙會(huì)給人帶來一種愉悅的情緒，通過這個(gè)結(jié)論，可以得出這種荷爾蒙能讓人有讓人信任的情緒/心緒。只有mood是最合適的答案。

10.【答案】A

【解析】此處仍然是考察上下文語境。上文中In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; 能從下文得知這也是只本句講另外一組受試者。conuterparts表示對應(yīng)物，對應(yīng)的人。

11.【答案】B

【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系。從后文中的also可以看出前后一致的關(guān)系。前文對于這種天賦都是褒義的色彩，所以答案此時(shí)應(yīng)該是lucky。

12.【答案】B

【解析】同樣也是因?yàn)閍lso，說明前后一致關(guān)系。只能選擇protect.

13.【答案】A

【解析】考察固定搭配。A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____ a credible person and a dishonest one. 選則between 意為：14個(gè)月大的孩子能在誠實(shí)和不誠實(shí)的人之間進(jìn)行區(qū)分。

14.【答案】C

【解析】考察搭配。結(jié)合原文語境，“Sixty toddlers were each__to adult tester holding a plastic container”選項(xiàng)C“be introduced to sth ”表示“初次認(rèn)識某物。”符合原文語境。

15.【答案】D

【解析】本題考察借此搭配及詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)原文“what’s in here?”before looking into the container...Each subject was then invited to ___.” 選項(xiàng)D與前文所表達(dá)的in here和looking into相關(guān)。因此D為正選。

16.【答案】A

【解析】本題考察詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)語境“half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty...”這是用分好并列連接的兩個(gè)句子，屬于并列關(guān)系。因此，前半句講一般的受測者在盒子里面找到了玩具，后半句在肯定其他人會(huì)怎么說。像個(gè)小分局的結(jié)構(gòu)基本一直。因此本題填入的含義應(yīng)該與found 含義相同。因此，A選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)為正選。

17.【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)本題語境，此句在破折號后面，是對前面的意思解釋說明。前面提到了另一半人發(fā)現(xiàn)盒子是空的，并且易世達(dá)測試者對他們怎么樣。既然盒子是空的，那么肯定認(rèn)識到測試者是在戲弄他們，所以對此題必須要理解測試者是主語，賓語是Them 指的是受測者。主語的含義決定了謂語的含義為戲弄。因此C選項(xiàng)為正選。

18.【答案】B

【解析】考察搭配。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)我們可以看出逗號之前是一個(gè)介詞短語，意為在所有沒有被戲弄過的孩子里面，大多數(shù)的孩子在習(xí)得一種新技能的時(shí)候與測試者的合作是如何的。Demonstrating that they trusted his leadership 表明這些孩子信任他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。因此，既然信任他們就表示愿意合作。所B選項(xiàng)willing to do 構(gòu)成固定搭配。

19.【答案】A

【解析】本題考察邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)原文語境“”only five of the 30 children paried with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity.” 通過該句中的only，可以看出與上文的“大多數(shù)”形成鮮明對比。因此，本題應(yīng)該選擇轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)為正選。

20.【答案】C

【解析】本題考察詞義辨析。根據(jù)原文語境;在接下來的活動(dòng)中，30個(gè)孩子中有5個(gè)孩子與...樣的測試者能合作，所以結(jié)合上文提到的大部分孩子信任測試者，但是5/30屬于小部分，大部分測試者對應(yīng)的是信任，而小部分應(yīng)該對應(yīng)的是不信任。因此，C選項(xiàng)“不可靠”為正選。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?

Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.

This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.

The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.

The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.

Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.

Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.

21.【題干】Who will be most threatened by automation?

【選項(xiàng)】

A.Leading politicians.

B.Low-wage laborers.

C.Robot owners.

D.Middle-class workers.

21答案D Middle-class workers

這是一道具體細(xì)節(jié)題，題干問道“那些人受自動(dòng)化威脅最大?”根據(jù)段落定位原則，第一題應(yīng)該到第一段和第二段尋找答案，A選項(xiàng)主要的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，而原文只是在一段提到了presidential campaign，并未提到政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人受自動(dòng)化影響;B選項(xiàng)低收入勞動(dòng)者，在二段說道lower-income jobs don’t appeal to robots，說明不會(huì)受到影響;C選項(xiàng)機(jī)器人的所有者，在二段末句提到the rich own the robots, so they will be fine. 可以看到他們也是不受影響的;故選擇C，可以從二段的But后找到根據(jù)。

22 . 【題干】Which of the following best represent the author's view?

【選項(xiàng)】

A.Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

B.Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.

C.Issues arising from automation need to be tackled

D.Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided

22答案C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled

這是一道作者觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題，題干問道“下列哪項(xiàng)最能代表作者觀點(diǎn)”根據(jù)上一題可知，這道題應(yīng)該從第三段尋找答案，這種題一般到首句、末句或轉(zhuǎn)折后尋找觀點(diǎn)。首句就說到上面提到的威脅不是alarmist危言聳聽的;末句提到中產(chǎn)階級工人需要很多幫助來調(diào)整自己。根據(jù)這兩部分可知選項(xiàng)C是正確的，A選項(xiàng)說對自動(dòng)化的擔(dān)心是groundless的和文意相反;B選項(xiàng)說樂觀主義者對新技術(shù)的支持幾乎沒有找到支持不符合本段第二句和第三句，與原文相反;D選項(xiàng)新技術(shù)的負(fù)面影響可以避免與本段末句不符，既然需要中產(chǎn)階級去適應(yīng)，那就說明是不可避免的，也應(yīng)排除。

23.【題干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____.

【選項(xiàng)】

A.creative potential.

B.job-hunting skills.

C.individual needs.

D.cooperative spirit.

23答案A creative potential

這是一道具體細(xì)節(jié)題，題干問到“自動(dòng)化時(shí)代的教育應(yīng)該重視什么”可定位到第四段，第一句就提到了應(yīng)對這個(gè)時(shí)代的第一步就是rethinking education and job training。具體方法在后面也給出來了，curriculums should focus more on creativity and complex communication，更重視創(chuàng)新和復(fù)雜的交際，故A選項(xiàng)是正確的。這道題的對應(yīng)非常直接，其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)幾乎不構(gòu)成干擾。

24.【題干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.

【選項(xiàng)】

A.encouraging the development of automation.

B.increasing the return on capital investment.

C.easing the hostility between rich and poor.

D.preventing the income gap from widening.

24.答案D.preventing the income gap from widening.

這是一道觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題，問作者認(rèn)為稅收政策應(yīng)該以什么為目標(biāo)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位至第六段，六段首句說因?yàn)樽詣?dòng)化預(yù)示著勞資雙方的收入在擴(kuò)大，所以，稅收和安全保障也將必須重新考慮。接著第二句就在具體解釋稅收政策該如何改變，如應(yīng)該免去低工資工人的稅，個(gè)人所得稅應(yīng)該增加，最后一句話指出，這將提高收入，鼓勵(lì)就業(yè)，激勵(lì)那些創(chuàng)造就業(yè)的公司，減少不平等。由此可得知，關(guān)于稅收政策的目標(biāo)就是阻止收入差距擴(kuò)大，答案是D。

25. 【題干】In this text, the author presents a problem with_____.

【選項(xiàng)】

A.pposing views on it.

B.possible solutions to it.

C.its alarming impacts.

D.its major variations.

25. 答案B.possible solutions to it.

縱觀全文，作者在前兩段提出了一個(gè)問題，即自動(dòng)化將威脅到中產(chǎn)階級工人的工作，第三段指出樂觀主義者認(rèn)為這也許對工人們是有利的，只不過中產(chǎn)階級工人可能需要做出一定的改變。從第四段到第六段就是作者給出的一些解決辦法，如教育上要改變，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性和實(shí)際技能，以及對于稅收政策的調(diào)整等，最后一段是概括總結(jié)，所以這是一篇提出問題，分析問題并解決問題的文章，所以，答案是B，作者提出了問題，并且給出了可能的解決措施。

Text 2

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president's social media platform.

Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.

Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.

Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.

Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media.In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.

So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.

26.【題干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on

【選項(xiàng)】

A.the justification of the news-filtering practice.

B.people's preference for social media platforms.

C.the administrations ability to handle information.

D.social media was a reliable source of news.

答案 [D]social media was a reliable source of news

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到文中第一段與第二段。文章第一段提到在美國超過2/3的年輕人反對總統(tǒng)特朗普使用推特。接著提到美國公民更希望從別的渠道獲得白宮的信息，而不是從總統(tǒng)的社交平臺。第二段第二句指出由于美國人越來越不信任媒體，他們可能想辦法提高自身的媒體文化素養(yǎng)。由此可見，很多美國年輕人懷疑社交媒體值不值得信任。因此D選項(xiàng)符合文意。

27.【題干】The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

【選項(xiàng)】A

A.sharpen

B.define

C.boast

D.share

答案 [A] sharpen

解析：猜詞題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美國人依靠社交媒體來查看每日頭條。第二句緊接著指出“由于美國人越來越不信任媒體，他們開始beef up 自身的媒體文化素養(yǎng)”。由此推測，美國人開始對媒體產(chǎn)生懷疑，所以是想辦法強(qiáng)化自身的知識來辨別媒體可不可靠。選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)有(強(qiáng)化，加強(qiáng))的含義。故A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

28.【題干】According to the knight foundation survey, young people

【選項(xiàng)】

A.tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.

B.verify news by referring to diverse resources.

C.have s strong sense of responsibility.

D.like to exchange views on “distributed trust”

答案[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.

解析：根據(jù)題目中的survey可以得出，本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題的研究結(jié)論型。題干中已知的關(guān)鍵詞the knight foundation survey告訴我們本題在第三段第二句話的位置，原句指出“A knight foundation focus-group survey of young people...found they use distributed trust to verify stories.”，意思是他們使用distributed trust來verify stories。而且下一句又詳細(xì)指出，they cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可看出B選項(xiàng)verify與原文一致，news對應(yīng)原文的stories，referring to diverse resources即distributed trust，B為正確答案。

29.【題干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is

【選項(xiàng)】

A.readers outdated values.

B.journalists' biased reporting

C.readers' misinterpretation

D.journalists' made-up stories.

答案[C] readers’ misinterpretation.

解析：根據(jù)題目中的Barna survey得出，該題為細(xì)節(jié)題中的研究結(jié)論型題目。從題干中的關(guān)鍵提示信息The Barna survey以及fake news可得出，本題目定位到倒數(shù)第二段的位置。該段后半部分提到了Barna survey也提到了fake news，可以定位到About a third這一句，“About a third say the problem of fake news lies in misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news via social media.”。題干中的a main cause剛好對應(yīng)了lie in，所以答案就是misinterpretation，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)得出C，readers’ misinterpretation。

30.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

【選項(xiàng)】

A.A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

B.A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

C.The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.

D.The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.

答案[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.

解析：根據(jù)題目中的best title可以得出，本題目考查全文主旨。首先，我們可以通過題目中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的信息看出文章與什么話題有關(guān)，題目出現(xiàn)了young Americans，并指出了doubts，fake news problem等負(fù)向色彩，因此，整篇文章的傾向是負(fù)向的。下一步，文章主旨一般出現(xiàn)在文章的第一段和第二段開頭的位置，第一段是通過survey引出了文章要討論的話題，說出了news和source的話題，第二段第二句通過yet引出要討論的distrust等內(nèi)容?？偨Y(jié)得出，文章講述的話題是news online，傾向態(tài)度是distrust在rise，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)就是A項(xiàng)，A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.

Text 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.

The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.

31.【題干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?

【選項(xiàng)】

A.It caused conflicts among tech giants.

B.It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.

C.It fell short of the latter's expectations

D.It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

31. 答案B.It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.

這是一道具體細(xì)節(jié)題，問的是關(guān)于NHS和DeepMind之間的協(xié)議哪一個(gè)是對的。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞具體定位置首段尾句，Elizabeth指控NHS旗下的一個(gè)醫(yī)院，這個(gè)醫(yī)院在2015年把160萬病人的信息交給了DeepMind公司，基于一個(gè)模糊的協(xié)議，這個(gè)協(xié)議基本沒有考慮到病人們的權(quán)利以及他們對于保護(hù)自己隱私的期望。由此可知NHS和DeepMind之間的協(xié)議沒有考慮到病人的權(quán)利，答案是B。A和D選項(xiàng)在文中并未提及，C選項(xiàng)有干擾，沒能滿足后者的期望，但是文中說的是沒有滿足病人們對保護(hù)隱私的期望，而不是沒能滿足DeepMind的期望，屬于偷換概念。

32.【題干】The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with

【選項(xiàng)】

A.empty promises.

B.tough resistance.

C.necessary adjustments.

D.sincere apologies.

32.答案C.necessary adjustments.

這是一道具體細(xì)節(jié)題，問的是NHS面對對他的指控如何反應(yīng)，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二段第二句，NHS已經(jīng)改正錯(cuò)誤了，短語mend one’s way即改正錯(cuò)誤，改變習(xí)慣的意思，接著下面就具體解釋做出了哪些安排，所以答案是C。

33.【題干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that

【選項(xiàng)】

A.privacy protection must be secured at all costs.

B.leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.

C.making profits from patients' data is illegal.

D.the value of data comes from the processing of it

33.答案D.the value of data comes from the processing of it

這是一道具體細(xì)節(jié)題，問作者在第二段闡述了什么觀點(diǎn)，沒有具體關(guān)鍵詞，所以要通讀第二段，然后和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)逐一比對，選出正確選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)說要不惜一切代價(jià)保護(hù)隱私，B選項(xiàng)說泄露病人隱私比出售隱私更糟糕，C選項(xiàng)說利用病人信息獲利是違法的，這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)二段中并未提及。D選項(xiàng)來自二段尾句，這種差別忽略了一點(diǎn)，即他是在加工和整合信息，不僅僅是擁有，而這給了信息以價(jià)值。說明信息的價(jià)值來自與對信息的加工整合。所以答案是D。

34.【題干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is

【選項(xiàng)】

A.the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.

B.the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.

C.the uncontrolled use of new software.

D.the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

34. 答案D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

這是一道具體細(xì)節(jié)題，題干問“在最后一段中，這種交易引發(fā)的真正擔(dān)憂是什么”回到原文末段，第三句話提到what matters 重要的在于they belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources，這句話提到了真正的問題，和題干匹配，所以正確答案就是對這句的同義替換，故選D。A選項(xiàng)制藥公司之間的惡性競爭來自定位句的下一句，但這句只提到制藥公司，并未說他們存在惡性競爭;B選項(xiàng)隱私法的無效實(shí)施來自末端首句，但本句只說到the use of privacy law...feels slightly maladapted(不適應(yīng)的)，說成是ineffective程度過深;C選項(xiàng)新軟件的不受控制的使用來自定位句下一句，是在if條件句里面所以也不可能成為真正的問題所在。

35.【題干】The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is

【選項(xiàng)】

A.ambiguous.

B.cautious.

C.appreciative.

D.contemptuous.

35答案 B cautious

這是一道態(tài)度題，根據(jù)出題位置是最后一題以及定位詞the application of AI to healthcare找到最后一段的相關(guān)的詞語digital feudalism數(shù)字化封建主義是我們需要去avoid避免的，所以作者態(tài)度應(yīng)該是消極的，故選B。最后一句還說到Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start. 說明作者對于這種報(bào)道是積極的態(tài)度，而報(bào)道在第一段中提到是against反對 NHS和DeepMind的交易的，所以可以看出來作者是比較擔(dān)心過度的人工智能化的。

Text 4

The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality

And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.

Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.

If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.

36. 【題干】The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by_____.

【選項(xiàng)】

A.its unbalanced budget.

B.its rigid management.

C.the cost for technical upgrading.

D.the withdrawal of bank support.

36. 答案 [B] its rigid management

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到文章第一段，注意問的是主要原因(partly)。第一段第四句提到“破產(chǎn)原因有很多”。接著第五句以一個(gè)長難句指出“從根本上來講，the USPS 處于歷史性的壓榨期，這里面就包括對于實(shí)用產(chǎn)品以及一類郵件需求量無限期減少而面臨的技術(shù)改革，管理結(jié)構(gòu)方面沒能夠靈活地將自己的生產(chǎn)模式適用到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中”。由此可見，主要原因在于管理方面。因此B項(xiàng)為正確答案。句中的Fundamentally與題干中的partly屬于同義替換。

37. 【題干】According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to_____.

【選項(xiàng)】

A.the interference from interest groups.

B.the inadequate funding from Congress.

C.the shrinking demand for postal service.

D.the incompetence of postal unions.

37. 答案 [A] the interference from interest groups

解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息fail以及modernize定位到第二段最后一句。該句提到“這就是近些年來立法改革屢次失敗的原因”，正是題干問的問題。上文提到利益集團(tuán)，從郵政聯(lián)盟，到賀卡制作公司，都對USPS施加壓力，強(qiáng)調(diào)無論發(fā)生什么，他們所依賴的現(xiàn)狀都要得到保護(hù)。因此，利益集團(tuán)的干預(yù)是改革失敗的主要原因。故選A項(xiàng)。

38. 【題干】The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by_____.

【選項(xiàng)】

A.removing its burden of retiree health care.

B.making more investment in new vehicles.

C.adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.

D.attracting more first-class mail users.

38.答案[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.

解析：題目中出現(xiàn)了大寫USPS以及具體信息the long-standing complaint等具體內(nèi)容，可知本題目為具體細(xì)節(jié)題。我們需要根據(jù)題目中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞complaint，USPS，union等定位，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)本題目是對本篇文章第三段最后的一部分，最后一句話提到了thus addressing a long-standing complaints by the USPS and its union，這是題目的原詞。所以，答案就是前面的the latter step would ...offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care。另外，the latter step也指上一句中的shifting postal retiree into Medicare。再對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)，得出A項(xiàng)removing its burden of retiree health care。

39. 【題干】In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with_____.

【選項(xiàng)】

A.respect.

B.tolerance.

C.discontent.

D.gratitude.

39.答案[C] discontent.

解析：題目中指出了the author對legislator的觀點(diǎn)和看法是什么，與態(tài)度題相關(guān)，態(tài)度題一定要通過文中的相關(guān)詞找到相應(yīng)的傾向，判斷好或者壞，向上或者向下。根據(jù)題目中的關(guān)鍵信息legislator定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第二句話，該句在陳述完legislators的內(nèi)容后，下一句緊跟著一個(gè)詞however，明確指出了作者的傾向，并且寫到it is not a sign...，結(jié)合前后句的內(nèi)容，可以得出作者的傾向是明確的負(fù)向色彩。選項(xiàng)中表示負(fù)面色彩的只有C項(xiàng)discontent。

40. 【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

【選項(xiàng)】

A.The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days

B.The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese

C.The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure

D.The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid

40.答案[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid.

解析：該題目中的best title為典型的文章主旨題。首先，我們可以通過題目中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容來確定文章與什么樣的主題相關(guān)，可以看出反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了USPS，也就是U.S. Postal Service，并且反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了problem，fail to do，address等內(nèi)容，是有關(guān)問題以及解決辦法之類的話題。再來看文章的首段和第二段內(nèi)容，第一段就指出了U.S. Postal Service在財(cái)務(wù)上的各種問題，并分析了三方面的原因，第二段就涉及到了很多的解決辦法，并分析這些attempt的影響等具體內(nèi)容。所以可以得出，正確答案為[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid。

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A]. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.

[B]. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.

[C]. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.

[D]. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

[E]. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.

[F]. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.

[G]. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.

41.【答案】E

【解析】很多選項(xiàng)中都出現(xiàn)了EEOB這個(gè)簡稱，那么就意味著這個(gè)專有名詞一定會(huì)先有交代它的全稱，再出現(xiàn)簡稱，這里只有D選項(xiàng)符合。

42. 【答案】G

【解析】 選項(xiàng)中有很多時(shí)間，所以這篇文章很可能有明顯的時(shí)間線，而G出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞The history of the EEOB

43. 【答案】A

【解析】In December of 1869，出現(xiàn)了早的時(shí)間，并且文章內(nèi)容說國會(huì)選址開始建，符合邏輯

44【答案】B

【解析】F段中說到了建了17年，一邊接一邊修建，B中出現(xiàn)完成Completed in 1875，符合邏輯

45. 【答案】D

【解析】講完了建筑特色，再說很多名人在其中發(fā)生的歷史事件，符合邏輯

Part C Translation

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.

【解析】本句主干為Europe was witnessing the passing and the creation。句首by the date of his birth，考查代詞指代，回上文可知為：莎士比亞。under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy為定語，修飾the creation。

【參考譯文】莎士比亞出生之時(shí)，宗教戲劇在歐洲正逐漸消亡，而在經(jīng)典悲劇和戲劇的激發(fā)下，這里正在形成各種新的戲劇形式。

47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

【解析】本句的主干為：no boy could be ignorant that...，意思為：沒有人會(huì)不了解...，可以翻譯成：人都了解...。who went to a grammar school為定語從句，修飾no boy，可以前置翻譯為：去文法學(xué)校的人都了解....。之后為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，賓語從句的主干為the drama was a form of literature，之后為which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾a form of literature，定語從句中might yet do意思為：遲早會(huì)...，定語從句可采用后置的翻譯方法：它已經(jīng)給希臘和羅馬帶來了榮耀，也可能會(huì)給英國帶來榮耀。

【參考譯文】那些去文法學(xué)校的人都知道，戲劇是文學(xué)的一種形式，它已經(jīng)給希臘和羅馬帶來了榮耀，也遲早會(huì)給英國帶來榮耀。

48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.

【解析】本句為并列句。前半句the professional companies專業(yè)公司，在本文中指的是專業(yè)戲劇公司。permanent意為：永久的，固定的，their permanent theaters可翻譯為：固定的劇院。前半句可翻譯為：但是，專業(yè)戲劇公司有了固定的劇院而繁榮發(fā)展起來。后半句with literary ambitions修飾university men，可斷句翻譯為：有文學(xué)抱負(fù)的大學(xué)生迅速投身這些劇院，將其視為謀生的手段。

【參考譯文】但是，專業(yè)戲劇公司在固定的劇院中繁榮發(fā)展起來，有文學(xué)抱負(fù)的大學(xué)生迅速投身這些劇院，并將其視為謀生的手段。

49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

【解析】本句為并列句，前半句主干為a native literary drama had been created，可翻譯為：一種當(dāng)?shù)氐奈膶W(xué)戲劇形式已經(jīng)被創(chuàng)立，其中被動(dòng)語態(tài)可以直接翻譯為：產(chǎn)生出來。its alliance with the public playhouses established為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，意思為：它和公共劇院的聯(lián)盟關(guān)系被確立，可翻譯為：它與公共劇院建立了聯(lián)盟關(guān)系。后半句主干為：traditions had been begun，可翻譯為：最終這種戲劇的一些偉大傳統(tǒng)也開始出現(xiàn)。

【參考譯文】一種當(dāng)?shù)氐奈膶W(xué)戲劇藝術(shù)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了，它與公眾劇院也建立了聯(lián)盟關(guān)系，而最終這種戲劇的一些偉大傳統(tǒng)也開始出現(xiàn)。

50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

【解析】本句主干為 we must remember that... and that...。句首不定式短語中to realize后為how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，可以翻譯為：要想知道戲劇藝術(shù)的偉大之處。further為狀語，修飾remember，可翻譯為：還必須記住。hosts of plays翻譯為：大量的戲劇作品，其種plays應(yīng)翻譯為“戲劇作品”。第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的主干為there is no author，之后of note意思為：重要的、引人注目的、著名的。之后為whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾author of note，定語從句可用融合法，翻譯為：沒有著名戲劇作者的完整作品保存下來。

【參考譯文】要想知道戲劇藝術(shù)的偉大之處，我們還必須記住大量的戲劇作品已經(jīng)丟失，而且或許我們也不會(huì)知道那些沒有完整作品保存下來的劇作家

Section IV Writing

Part A

51.

Directions:

Write an email to all international experts in your university, inviting them to attend a graduation ceremony. In this letter, you should state the time, place and other information about the ceremony. You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.

Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead.

Do not write the address .(10 points)

范文：

Dear Experts,

I am the chairman of the Students' Union of our university. As we all know, our graduation ceremony is around the corner. And I am writing for the purpose of asking whether you can honor us to attend it.

You are admired by all the students and we would be grateful if you could be present at the ceremony to be held in our auditorium on June 26th, at 7 p.m. And on behalf of the university, I genuinely invite you to be our distinguished guests to award graduation certificates to students who have completed the required coursework at passing grades. If so, further details about the activity will be sent.

Your presences are cordially requested and appreciated, and I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Part B

52. Directions

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In y essay, you should

1) describe the pictures briefly;

2) interpret the meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points

In front of a desktop sits a young boy who is staring at the screen and selecting the curriculum. Apparently, a trace of hesitancy showed in his eyes. He is considering whether to choose the courses which are high scored, easily passed with less homework, or to choose those that contain new knowledge, focus on creating and are difficult to learn.

The implication echoed by this cartoon can be summarized as a philosophic topic in our daily life：the success of a man is closely related to the choice made by himself. Nevertheless, I cherish a belief that we cannot tell whether the selection is good or not, and as long as we adhere to our decision, success will be realized step by step. Although making a choice is essential to help determine the direction of our way, judged from the personal aspect, persistence functions as an indispensable driving force to keep up our spirit and to assist us to fulfill our study and work. However, some people, pacing up and down, are not industrious and try to find a short-cut success. In fact, only those who are hard-working and brave enough to encounter obstacles of all sorts are most likely to reach the summit of success.

Accordingly, persistence and making our own decision rationally are badly needed in every aspect of our society. In order to bring out this potential capability, our education system is supposed to be reformed fundamentally, focusing on cultivating the ability of confronting challenges. As an old saying goes:” No pain, no gain.”

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