2011年自考《英語(一)》考前重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)Unit 23

　　Text A　Non - verbal Communication$lesson$

　　一、New Words

　　1.前綴單詞轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　1）non - verbal（a.）　非詞語的，非語言的

　　verbal 言語的，言詞的；non 不……，非……。

　　2）dislike（vt./n.）　不喜愛，厭惡

　　2.后綴單詞

　　1）listener（n.）　聽者，收聽者

　　writer（n.）　作者、作家

　　manager（n.）　1.經(jīng)理；2.管理人

　　2）European（a.）　1.歐洲的；2.歐洲人的

　?。╪.）　歐洲人

　　an 結(jié)尾表示“人”的單詞：American，Italian

　　3）approve（v.）　批準(zhǔn)、通過、贊成

　　approval（n.）　1.批準(zhǔn)，通過；2.贊成，同意

　　arrive/arrival 與以上兩個(gè)詞的構(gòu)詞方式一樣。

　　4）reaction（n.）　1.反應(yīng)（力），反作用（力）；2.反動(dòng)，對抗

　　5）appearance（n.）　1.出現(xiàn)，露面；2.外觀，外表

　　6）closeness（n.）　1.緊密；2.嚴(yán)密，精密

　　7）tenseness（n.）　緊張；繃緊

　　intense（a.）　強(qiáng)烈的、緊張的

　　8）embarrassment（n.）　1.窘迫；2.使人為難的事

　　9）culture（n.）　文化

　　cultural（a.）　1.文化的；2.栽培的，培養(yǎng)的

　　10）invasion（n.）　入侵，侵略

　　invade（v.）　侵略、入侵

　　11）nervous（a.）　1.神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的；2.神經(jīng)緊張的

　　nerve（n.）　神經(jīng)

　　12）casually（ad.）　1.偶然地，碰巧地；2.漫不經(jīng)心地，隨便地

　　英文意思就是 “by chance”

　　3.核心單詞

　　1）oral（a.）　口頭的，口的

　　For example：Oral English 英語口語

　　2）frown（vi.）　1.皺眉；2.不滿，用皺眉對…表示不滿（+ at）

　　For example：He is frowning at those words on the wall. 他對寫在墻上的這些字直皺眉頭。

　　3）staff（［復(fù)］staffs）（n.）　1.全體職工，全體人員；2.參謀部

　?。╲t.）　為…配備工作人員

　　如果要表述某一個(gè)整體中的具體的某一個(gè)人，應(yīng)該是“staff member”，某幾個(gè)成員“staff members”。

　　For example 1：The school's teaching staff is excellent. 這個(gè)學(xué)校的教職員工是非常出色的。

　　For example 2：Five staff members went to discuss their working conditions with the manager. 有五位職工去和經(jīng)理討論他們的工作條件。

　　4）appearance（n.）　1.出現(xiàn)，露面；2.外觀，外表；

　　→反義詞：disappearance（失蹤）

　　appear（v.）

　　→反義詞：disappear（消失）

　　For example：The lion's appearance in the village cause great panic. 這頭獅子在這個(gè)村莊的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了非常大的恐慌。

　　5）control（vt./n.）　1.控制，支配；2.克制，抑制

　　in control of 控制了……

　　out of control 脫離了控制，意思是已經(jīng)不受控制了，也可以用 beyond control

　　under control 處于控制之下

　　6）false（a.）　1.假的，偽造的；2.不真實(shí)的，錯(cuò)誤的；

　　反義詞：true

　　wrong（錯(cuò)的）←→ right（正確的）但是這兩個(gè)詞沒有真假的意思。

　　7）confess（vt./vi.）　1.承認(rèn)；2.坦白，供認(rèn)

　　4.Phrases and Expressions

　　1）for short　簡稱，縮寫

　　For example：We are talking about National Basketball Association， NBA for short. 我們正在談?wù)搰一@球協(xié)會(huì)，縮寫是 NBA.

　　2）to fiddle with　1.擺弄，玩弄；2.弄虛作假

　　For example：As a accountant you should not fiddle with accounts. 作為一名財(cái)會(huì)人員，你不應(yīng)當(dāng)篡改賬目。

　　3）to lack in　在…方面缺乏

　　For example：The young always lack in experience. 年輕人經(jīng)常是缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　4）and so on/and so forth/etc　等等

　　For example：My mother bought many vegetables from the market such as potatoes， tomatoes， cabbages， and so on. 我媽媽在市場上買了很多蔬菜，比如土豆、西紅柿、卷心菜等等。

　　5）So far 迄今為止，就此范圍（或程度等）來說

　　So far 相當(dāng)于 by now

　　For example：She is the hardest student I have seen so far. 到目前為止，她是我所見到的最用功的學(xué)生。

　　6）In fact　實(shí)際上

　　7）As the saying goes　正如俗語所說

　　For example：As the saying goes don't try to run before you can walk. 正像俗話所說的，在你學(xué)會(huì)走路之前不要想著去跑。（你還沒有具備那樣的能力，就不要硬逞能。）

　　8）To speak volumes　含義很深，很有意義

　　For example：What the speaker said at the end of the lecture speaks volumes. 那個(gè)演講人在他演講的最后所說的話非常地富有含義。

　　二、Text A

　　Non - verbal Communication（非語言文字的交流）

　　If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people， what would you say？ That isn't a catch question.

　　譯：假如現(xiàn)在有個(gè)人問你，什么是人與人之間的主要交流手段，那么你會(huì)說什么？這并不是一個(gè)能把人難住了的問題。

　　1.catch 做動(dòng)詞表示“抓住、趕上”，在這兒 catch 是一個(gè)名詞，意思是 hard to answer，“難以回答的”。

　　The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.

　　譯：答案簡單而又明確。幾乎可以肯定，它指的就是用語言文字作為交流手段。

　　2.refer to：指的是。

　　Speakers and listeners - oral communication， and writers and readers - written communication. And you'd be quite right. There is， however， another form of communication which we all use most of the time， usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non - verbal communication. Non - verbal， because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short.

　　譯：講話的人和聽講的人用口語進(jìn)行交流，而作家與讀者用書面文字進(jìn)行交流。對了，你答得相當(dāng)正確。但是，還有一種交流方式是我們大家在不知不覺的大部分時(shí)間都在使用的，我們有時(shí)稱它為身體語言。身體語言的更加專業(yè)化的名稱就是非語言交流。之所以稱為非語言文字的，就是因?yàn)檫@種交流是不用語言文字進(jìn)行的?？s寫是NVC.

　　When someone is saying something with which he agrees， the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand， if you disagree with what they are saying， you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions， and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word.

　　譯：當(dāng)某人談了某件事，大多數(shù)的歐洲人若是同意他所說的事，就會(huì)微笑并點(diǎn)頭表示同意。相反，若是這個(gè)歐洲人不同意他們所說的事，那么就可能皺眉并搖搖頭。用這種方式你表示了對他們所說的事情的反應(yīng)，你一句話也沒說就把你的反應(yīng)傳達(dá)給了跟你講話的人。

　　3.average（n./a.）　這里做名詞，意思是一般的。

　　4.signal n.信號；v.用信號通知、用信號傳達(dá)、用動(dòng)作示意。

　　For example：He signaled me to sit down. 他示意我坐下來。

　　I referred a moment ago to “the average European”， because body language is very much tied to culture， and in order not to misunderstand， or not to be misunderstood， you must realize this. A smiling Chinese， for instance， may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed.

　　譯：我剛才提到的是“絕大多數(shù)歐洲人”，因?yàn)樯眢w語言與文化習(xí)俗有很大的聯(lián)系。為了不致誤解別人或?yàn)榱瞬槐粍e人誤解，你必須意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。例如，一位華人在微笑時(shí)很可能并不表示同意，而是有點(diǎn)不好意思。

　　5.tie――n.領(lǐng)帶；v.系、關(guān)聯(lián)；常用短語：be tied to = be connected with 和……有關(guān)聯(lián)、和……有關(guān)系。

　　Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC， which is obviously important， for instance， to managers， who have to deal every day with their staff， and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.

　　譯：關(guān)于“非語言文字的交流”這一課題我們現(xiàn)在正進(jìn)行相當(dāng)大量的研究。這一研究課題，比如對于經(jīng)理、總管之類的人員來講，很顯然是重要的。經(jīng)理人員每天都必須同員工們打交道，他們必須明白，如果能創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)良好的工作環(huán)境，那么別人都會(huì)有什么感覺。

　　6.be being + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　7.deal with + sth 意思是“處理……事情”；

　　deal with + sb 意思是“跟某人打交道”。

　　be to do 表示已經(jīng)計(jì)劃好了，已經(jīng)決定將要做什么事情。

　　Body language， or NVC signals， are sometimes categorised into five kinds： 1. body and facial gestures； 2. eye contact； 3. Body contact or “proximity”； 4. clothing and physical appearance； and 5. the quality of speech. I expect you understood all those， except perhaps “proximity.” This simply means “closeness”。

　　譯：有時(shí)可以把身體語言，或者叫非語言文字的交流，分成五大類：（1）身體的姿態(tài)和面部表情；（2）目光的接觸；（3）身體的接觸或者“親近度”；（4）衣著打扮和天生的長相；（5）講話的質(zhì)量。我想，也許除了“親近度”而外，這一切你都明白。它就是講“親近到什么程度”。

　　In some cultures - and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one - it is quite normal for people to stand close together， or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures， this is disliked； Americans， for instance， talk about invasion of their space.

　　譯：在某些文化習(xí)俗當(dāng)中――我敢肯定這是某一民族的風(fēng)俗文化的特征，而不是某一個(gè)人的習(xí)慣特征――當(dāng)人們在跟你談話時(shí)，跟你站得很近或者或多或少地把臉貼近了你的臉，這都是十分正常的。而在另外一些民族的文化習(xí)俗當(dāng)中，這樣做是人們所不喜歡的。例如，美國人認(rèn)為你侵犯了他們的私人空間。

　　8.more or less 或多或少；

　　Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker （like a professor， for example）is all the time fiddling with a pencil， or with his glasses， while he is talking to you， he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs， looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands， I shall soon get the message that I'm boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals - and it might be fun if you did.

　　譯：也許有些信號是我們大家所共有的。如果一位演講者（比如一位教授），在給你們作報(bào)告時(shí)，總是擺弄一支鉛筆或者他的眼鏡，那么，他這是很清楚地告訴你，他心情很緊張。一個(gè)人如果在談話時(shí)總是用一只手捂著嘴，這就表明他缺乏自信。如果你們開始不能安穩(wěn)地坐在椅子上，開始偷偷地不時(shí)看看鐘表，或者你們開始用手捂住嘴打哈欠，那么，我將會(huì)馬上得到一個(gè)信息，那就是我使你們感到厭倦了。如此等等。我敢肯定你們會(huì)把這類感到厭倦的信號列出一整張紙來――如果你們現(xiàn)在就寫的話，可能會(huì)很有趣。

　　9.make a list（of）羅列（羅列什么東西）；list 自身可以做動(dòng)詞“羅列”

　　For example：Make a list of the books.

　　it might be fun if you did 是與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬語氣

　　All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things， you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous， but a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence.

　　譯：我上面所提到的這些信號都是人們可以控制的。如果你意識(shí)到了你正在做那些小動(dòng)作，你就會(huì)停止不做了。甚至你們還能學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)出虛假的信號。事實(shí)上絕大多數(shù)公開發(fā)表演講的人都心情緊張，但是一位擅長演講的人會(huì)發(fā)出自信心很強(qiáng)的信號來掩飾緊張的心情。

　　10.mention = speak of 表示提及到的、說到的、說過的；

　　so far 到目前為止；

　　be aware that 意識(shí)到、知道；

　　in fact 事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上；

　　11.by giving off 通過發(fā)出（虛假信號）。

　　Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact， for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love， you hardly ever look into someone else's eyes for very long. If you try it， you'll find they will soon look away， probably in embarrassment.

　　譯：另外幾種非語言文字的交流就不是很容易控制的了。比如說目光接觸吧。除非你坦白承認(rèn)你深深愛上了她，要不然的話你就不會(huì)長時(shí)間地凝視著她的眼睛。如果你將來試一試凝視她的眼睛，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)她會(huì)扭轉(zhuǎn)頭把眼睛挪開看其它地方，也許是出于難為情吧。

　　I've already mentioned proximity， so just a brief word now about our last two categories， which concern the way people dress and the way they speak. These are both pretty obvious signals. People may dress casually and speak casually， which signals that they are relaxed. Or they can dress formally and speak formally， showing their tenseness. In fact， non-verbal communication can， as the saying goes， speak volumes.

　　譯：我上面已經(jīng)把“親近度”解釋過了?，F(xiàn)在用簡明扼要的話講講最后兩大類語言文字交流信號。這兩類涉及到人們穿著的方式和講話的方式。這兩類都是很明顯的交流信號。穿著隨隨便便而講話又漫不經(jīng)心，說明這些人的心情很輕松。如果人們穿得整整齊齊，講起話來一本正經(jīng)，這表明他們的心情很緊張很不輕松。事實(shí)上，非語言文字的交流，正如俗話所說的那樣，含義是很深的。

　　12.pretty（a.）意思是 beautiful；在文中是副詞，意思是 quite、very 非常、十分。

　　三、Vocabulary Exercises

　?、?。For each sentence， fill in the blank with the proper forms of the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.

　　1. embarrass（v.）　窘迫、為難

　　embarrassing（a.）　使……為難；使……窘迫；通常修飾沒有動(dòng)作執(zhí)行能力的事物。

　　embarrassed（a.）　為難的，感到很為難的，通常做表語或者定語，修飾有動(dòng)作執(zhí)行能力的人。

　　embarrassment（n.）　窘迫

　　a. I often feel embarrassed in the presence of strangers.

　　b. The little girl raised a rather embarrassing question.

　　c. You can't imagine my embarrassment at having forgotten her name.

　　d. The modern child embarrasses less easily than 50 years ago.

　　2. close（a.）　close（v.）　closeness（n.）　closed（a.）

　　a. She made a close study of the relationship between culture and language.

　　b. The bank has decided to close its New York branch.

　　c. A sphere is a closed surface of figure.

　　d. In some countries more eye contact implies more closeness of relationship.

　　3. approve（v.）　approval（n.）　disapprove（v.）　disapproval（n.）

　　a. We all like others to show approval of what we do.

　　b. He shook his head in disapproval.

　　c. The government has approved the financial program for the coming year.

　　d. I strongly disapprove of your program.

　　4. appearance disappear appear disappearance

　　a. The appearance of the old gray house made us think that it was empty.

　　b. The advertisement didn't appear in yesterday's New York Times.

　　c. The disappearance of the airplane brought about a search of the area.

　　d. The truck disappeared into the night.

　　5. tense（v.）　拉緊，使緊張；

　　（a.）緊張的，繃緊的。

　　intense（a.）　熱烈的，強(qiáng)烈的，一般表示程度，有的時(shí)候也可以表示緊張的

　　tenseness（n.）　繃緊、緊張

　　intensity（n.）　思想或感情上的強(qiáng)烈、劇烈、激烈

　　a. A bad burn causes intense pain.

　　b. The heat continues with increased intensity.

　　c. His muscles tensed when he heard the bad news.

　　d. One must learn to hide one's tenseness when speaking in public.

　?、颉?Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.

　　non-verbal　　　staff　　　approval　　　appearance

　　dislike　　　　 confess　　control　　　 brief

　　casually　　　　oral

　　1. The boy confessed that he had broken the vase.

　　2. The plane suddenly went out of control.

　　3. The old man dislikes his wife although they have been married for thirty years.

　　4. The young lady is making her first appearance at the party.

　　5. The headmaster and his staff should all speak at the meeting.

　　6. Do you know how to practice oral English？

　　7. The professor made a brief introduction to his research.

　　8. Art， like gesture， is a form of non-verbal expression.

　　9. The father expressed his approval of what the son did.

　　10. He only casually put in a remark when we talked about the matter.

　　Text B　Body Talk

　　一、New Words

　　1.前綴單詞

　　1）interaction（n.）相互作用，相互影響

　　2）subconsciously（ad.）下意識(shí)地，潛意識(shí)地

　　3）submissiveness（n.）服從，順從

　　2.后綴單詞

　　1）liking（n.）喜歡，愛好

　　2）considerable（a.）1.值得考慮的，重要的；2.相當(dāng)大或多的

　　3）provocative（a.）1.挑釁的，挑逗的；2.引起爭論（或議論，興趣等）的

　　4）repeatedly（ad.）反復(fù)地

　　5）hostile（a.）1.敵對的；2.不友善的，敵意的

　　hostility（n.）敵意，敵視

　　6）insistently（ad.）堅(jiān)持地

　　7）directness（n.）1.直接；2.直截了當(dāng)，直率

　　8）sincerity（n.）真誠

　　sincere（a.）真誠的

　　1）friendliness（n.）友好

　　2）warmth（n.）1.暖和，溫暖；2.熱烈，熱情

　　3）emotion（n.）1.激動(dòng)；2.情感，情緒

　　emotional（a.）感情的，情感的，感情上的

　　4）satisfying（a.）令人滿意的，使人滿足的

　　For example：a satisfying speech. 一個(gè)令人滿意的演講。

　　satisfied（a.）（人的感受上的）滿意、滿足

　　For example：My father is satisfied with my study. 我的父親對我的學(xué)業(yè)比較滿意。

　　5）lover（n.）1.情人；2.愛好者

　　For example： book lover 愛書的人

　　6）fascinating（a.）迷人的，銷魂奪魄的

　　3.核心單詞

　　1）considerable（a.）1.值得考慮的，重要的；2.相當(dāng)大或多的

　　2）consider（vt.）1.考慮，細(xì)想；2.認(rèn)為，把…看作

　?。╲i.）考慮，細(xì)想

　　3）bare（a.）1.赤裸的，光禿的；2.無遮蔽的，無掩護(hù)的；3.僅僅的，勉強(qiáng)的

　　4.Phrases and Expressions

　　1）to take a liking to（for）愛好，喜歡

　　For example：He has a great liking for Chinese green tea. 他特別愛喝中國的綠茶。

　　2）to worry about 焦慮，不安，煩惱

　　For example：He has been out of home for three months， so his mother worries about his safety very much. 他已經(jīng)離家三個(gè)多月了，他的母親非常擔(dān)心他的安全。

　　3）apart from 除去，撇開，除…之外

　　For example：Apart from the cost of living his university life is quite good. 除了生活費(fèi)用，他的大學(xué)生活還是過得相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的。

　　4）to complain of/about 抱怨，發(fā)牢騷，訴苦

　　For example：Don't always complain of the others. 不要總是抱怨其他人。

　　5）to let alone 1.不管，不弄；2.更不用

　　For example：When a child is crying you should let it alone or he will cry more loudly. 當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子哭的時(shí)候，你不要理他，否則他會(huì)哭得更大聲。

　　6）at times 有時(shí)候 = sometimes

　　7）to take note of 注意，留意

　　For example：When you make experiments in the laboratory， you should take note of the changes.當(dāng)你在實(shí)驗(yàn)室做實(shí)驗(yàn)的時(shí)候，你應(yīng)當(dāng)注意所發(fā)生的變化。

　　二、Text B

　　Body Talk（身體語言）

　　Have you ever wondered why you sometimes take an almost immediate liking to a person you have just met？ Or worried about why someone you were talking to suddenly became cool and distant？ The chances are that it wasn't anything that was said but something that happened： a gesture， a movement， a smile.

　　你有沒有想過為什么有時(shí)你剛剛見到了一個(gè)人，就會(huì)立刻喜歡上這個(gè)人？或者你有沒有因?yàn)橐晃徽诟阏勗挼娜送蝗粦B(tài)度變得很冷而又疏遠(yuǎn)，這使你心情感到焦慮不安？這很可能并不是因?yàn)槟阏f錯(cuò)了什么話，而是因?yàn)槟愕囊粋€(gè)手勢、一個(gè)小動(dòng)作、一個(gè)微笑引起的。

　　take a liking to 喜歡

　　1.The chances are that … 可能性

　　Social scientists are now devoting considerable attention to “non-verbal communication，” what happens when people get together， apart from their actual conversation.

　　社會(huì)科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在特別注意“非語言文字的交流”，即當(dāng)人們在一起時(shí)，除了人們實(shí)際上所談的話而外所發(fā)生的事情。

　　2.devote … to 投身于……，獻(xiàn)身于……

　　what 引導(dǎo)同位語從句，做 non - verbal communication 的同位語

　　Professor Erving Goffman of the University of Pennsylvania is involved in a continuing study of the way people behave in social interaction. He feels that gestures， movements and physical closeness have meaning which the words that the people are using do not carry.

　　賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)歐文?高夫曼教授一直不斷地在研究社會(huì)中人們行為的方式。他認(rèn)為每個(gè)手勢、每個(gè)動(dòng)作和身體親近的程度都有著人們的語言所表達(dá)不出來的意義。

　　3.be involved in 涉及到，投身于，牽扯進(jìn)去

　　The closeness of two people when talking， movement towards and away from each other， and the amount of eye contact all reveal something about the nature of the relationship between the two individuals. We tend to be only subconsciously aware， if at all， of the various patterns and rituals of social behavior. We expect other people to act according to the same “rules” that we do， so much so that the manners and behavior of persons from another culture can be extremely confusing.

　　交談著的兩個(gè)人的親密程度，動(dòng)作上的互相接近或疏遠(yuǎn)以及兩個(gè)人目光接觸的次數(shù)及接觸時(shí)間的長短，所有這一切都能表明兩人之間是哪一種關(guān)系。一般我們對社會(huì)行為的種種規(guī)范和禮儀，即使知道該怎么做，也常常是通過下意識(shí)才意識(shí)到的。我們期待著其他民族也按著我們做事的同樣的“規(guī)矩”辦事，以致于來自其他民族文化的人們的待人處事的態(tài)度和行為舉止可能會(huì)令我們感到極端地困惑和不理解。

　　4.if at all 即使、假如

　　“rules” that we do 中 do 表示遵守

　　5.so much so that 表示結(jié)果

　　Fox example， North Americans tend to expect more physical distance between two speakers than do Latin Americans. Consequently， when the Latin American seems to be leaning too close， the North American complains of “invasion of his space.” The Latin American， on the other hand， often considers the North American to be “cold” or “distant” because he keeps a greater distance between himself and the person he is speaking to.

　　例如，北美洲的人和拉丁美洲的人比較起來，北美洲的人希望兩個(gè)談話人之間的距離稍大一點(diǎn)。因而，當(dāng)拉丁美洲的人似乎把身子湊得離談話對方很近的時(shí)候，北美洲的人就會(huì)抱怨說你“侵犯了他的私人空間”。相反，拉丁美洲的人經(jīng)常認(rèn)為北美洲的人待人都很“冷淡”或“疏遠(yuǎn)”，因?yàn)楸泵乐奕俗约嚎偸歉勗拰Ψ街g要保持較大的距離。

　　Eye contact is one way of measuring the degree of closeness of relationship between two speakers， although there are cultural variations in the meaning of eye contact. In the Middle East， for example， it is considered extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eye， let alone return his gaze. Social psychologist Michael Argyle observes that there is more eye contact between people who like each other than those who are indifferent or hostile towards each other.

　　盡管在不同的民族文化中目光接觸的意義有所不同，但目光接觸是衡量兩個(gè)談話人之間關(guān)系親密程度的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。例如，在中東，如果一位婦女惹得一個(gè)男子的注目，就被認(rèn)為是帶有極端的挑逗調(diào)情的性質(zhì)，更不用說回眸再去凝視那個(gè)男人了。社會(huì)心理學(xué)家邁克?阿吉爾覺察兩個(gè)互相喜歡對方的人看對方的次數(shù)和時(shí)間，要比兩個(gè)互相冷漠甚至敵視的人互相看對方的次數(shù)和時(shí)間要多。

　　6.catch one's eyes 引起某人的注意，文中是盯某人的眼睛

　　7.be indifferent to 冷漠的

　　be hostile to 敵對的、敵意的

　　And the longer the length of the gaze， the more likely it is that the listener is more interested in the person who is speaking， than the actual topic of conversation. Frequently looking down can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. Looking away repeatedly may express boredom or dislike. Women tend to engage in more eye contact than men， especially when talking to other women.

　　聽話的人若是凝視講話的人的時(shí)間越長，越有可能是，聽話的人對講話的人本人的興趣大于他所講的真正的話題的興趣。低頭往下看通常都表示順從或不好意思。反復(fù)地扭轉(zhuǎn)頭看別處可以表達(dá)厭煩或不喜歡。婦女比男人更喜歡用目光接觸，特別是在和另外一些婦女談話時(shí)更是這樣。

　　8.engage in 從事、進(jìn)行某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)

　　But too steady eye contact can make one feel uneasy at times. Most people become uncomfortable under the intense gaze of a stare. One scientist suggests that perhaps one reason that man becomes tense under the force of a stare is in his biological ancestors：in apes， a stare signifies aggressiveness and hostility. The person who insistently fixes his eyes on our face is often more successful in arousing our dislike than impressing us with his directness and sincerity.

　　但有時(shí)死死地盯著看人，會(huì)使人感到不安。被人家盯著看，這會(huì)使大多數(shù)人感到不舒服。某一位科學(xué)家說，人類受到使勁地盯視時(shí)會(huì)感到緊張，這其中的原因之一就在于人類的生物學(xué)的始祖身上：在類人猿中，瞪著眼睛盯著看，就意味著要侵犯和敵對。一個(gè)人若是用他的兩只眼睛始終不停地直直地看著我們的臉，這樣做不但不會(huì)給我們留下這個(gè)人很直率很真誠的印象，反而會(huì)引起我們的反感。

　　Similarly， the smile cannot always be interpreted as a sign of friendliness. The person who smiles almost constantly and with little apparent reason makes us uneasy. Even though he may believe that he is expressing friendliness， he may really seem nervous and tense. In other animals， bared teeth are a warning gesture， a danger sign.

　　同樣道理，微笑也并不能總是解釋為友好。如果一個(gè)人老是朝著我們微笑，又沒有明顯的理由，就會(huì)使我們感到不安。即使這個(gè)人自己認(rèn)為他是在向你表示友好，很可能讓人覺得那人很緊張很不自然。在其它動(dòng)物中間，呲牙是警告的姿勢，是一種危險(xiǎn)的信號。

　　Genuine warmth or interest can be revealed in the eyes， suggests Dr. Eckhard Hess of the University of Chicago， who believes that the pupils of the eyes can indicate emotion or interest. The opened pupil tends to be associated with pleasant， satisfying experiences. That special sparkle in the lover's eyes need not be fantasy， for love may make the pupil grow larger. Sometimes when we feel that a person is “warm” or “friendly”， it is possible we are reacting to a form of non-verbal communication - his opened pupils.

　　真正的熱情和興趣可以從眼神當(dāng)中表現(xiàn)出來，這是芝加哥?？斯? 赫斯博士提出來的。他認(rèn)為眼睛的瞳孔可以表達(dá)感情和興趣。瞳孔擴(kuò)張一般總是與愉快的令人滿意的經(jīng)歷有關(guān)。情人眼神中閃現(xiàn)出的神采不一定就是你的幻覺，因?yàn)閻矍榭梢允雇讛U(kuò)大。有時(shí)我們覺得某人“熱情”、“友好”，這很可能是我們對他所用的非語言文字的交流做出了反應(yīng)――他的瞳孔擴(kuò)大了。

　　9.pupil（n.）1.小學(xué)生；2.瞳孔。本文中是瞳孔的意思

　　The next time you are at a party， take note of some of the silent messages being sent around you. Notice which persons seem to draw naturally together to speak， which others try to stay further apart or even avoid meeting each other's eyes. You may find that this silent language is much more fascinating than the actual conversation going on around you.

　　下次你參加社交聚會(huì)時(shí)，多留意一下你周圍的人所傳送的無聲的語言信息。注意一下，哪些人很自然地就聚在一起談話，注意一下還有哪些人互相間盡量離得遠(yuǎn)些，甚至盡量避免接觸對方的目光。你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些無聲的語言遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比你周圍的人所實(shí)際進(jìn)行的有聲的交談更能觸動(dòng)人們的心靈。

　　三、Vocabulary Exercises

　?、?。 Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.

　　satisfying　　　considerable　　　 consider　　　complain of

　　tense　　　　　 worry about　　 　 at times　　　take note of

　　let alone　　　 hostile

　　1. Some conservatives have gone so far as to be hostile to any change.

　　2. I left quietly and nobody took note of my leaving.

　　3. The patient complained of headache caused by overwork.

　　4. The sun was high in the sky， and the heat is considerable.

　　5. At times I feel I want to give up smoking.

　　6. In those hard times， we couldn't send our children to middle school， let alone college.

　　7. Don't worry about us； we are old enough to take care of ourselves.

　　8. I saw his face tense with pain.

　　9. No student can give the teacher a satisfying answer.

　　10. Red colour is generally considered to be active and exciting.

　　要點(diǎn)概述：

　　1.核心詞匯

　　embarrass、staff、control、considerable、consider、emotion、satisfying

　　2.核心短語

　　lack in；So far；worry about；apart from；let alone；take note of

　　3.結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1）staff 作為集合名詞的時(shí)候的用法：如果表示整體，注意 staff 后面不加“s”；如果表示個(gè)體，staff 后面要加“member”。

　　2）pretty 做副詞的時(shí)候意思是非常、相當(dāng)、十分，可以修飾形容詞；

　　3）The chances are that 意思是很有可能……。

?2011年7月自學(xué)考試成績查詢時(shí)間及方式匯總

?2011年下半年各地自學(xué)考試報(bào)名匯總

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