2011年自考“外刊經(jīng)貿(mào)知識(shí)選讀”串講

　　第一章

　　一、術(shù)語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　制成品 manufactured goods 資本貨物 capital goods 國(guó)際收支 balance of payments 經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目 current account 有形貿(mào)易項(xiàng)目 visible trade account 無(wú)形貿(mào)易項(xiàng)目 invisible trade account 貿(mào)易順差 trade surplus 貿(mào)易逆差 trade deficit

　　易貨貿(mào)易 barter 補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易 compensation trade 反向貿(mào)易 counter-trade 組裝生產(chǎn) assembly manufacturing 工商統(tǒng)一稅 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 合資企業(yè) joint venture 延期付款 deferred payment 買(mǎi)方信貸 buyer credit 賣(mài)方信貸 supplier credit 軟貸款 (低息貸款) soft loan 最惠國(guó)待遇 MFN treatment (Most Favored nation treatment)

　　永久性正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系 PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 國(guó)民收入 NI(National Income) 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值 GNP(Gross National Product) 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 國(guó)際復(fù)興和開(kāi)發(fā)銀行 IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) 國(guó)際開(kāi)發(fā)協(xié)會(huì) IDA(International Development Association) 國(guó)際金融公司 IFC(International Finance Comporation) 經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和發(fā)展組織 OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)

　　國(guó)際清算銀行 BIS(Bank for International Settlement) 歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體 EEC(European Economic Community) 歐洲聯(lián)盟 EU(European Union) 外商直接投資 FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)

　　二、詞語(yǔ)釋義：

　　substantially ： dramatically， significantly， considerably

　　subsequently： afterwards

　　exacerbate： deteriorate， worsen; aggravate; make worse

　　withdraw： cancellation

　　theme： principle

　　in return for： in exchange for

　　disrupt： interrupt

　　destined： designed

　　pronounced： marked

　　in the wake of： following; after with轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　undue： too much; unbearable

　　reverse： change to the opposite

　　buoyant： brisk

　　outcome： result

　　boost： stimulate; promote; develop

　　recover： rebound

　　facilitate： make easy

　　run-down： reduction

　　mount exhibitions： hold exhibitions

　　insofar as： to the extent

　　bottlenecks： obstacles

　　三、句子翻譯

　　1. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country‘s industrialization programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.

　　20世紀(jì)50年代，中國(guó)向前蘇聯(lián)和東歐各國(guó)出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品以換取制成品和國(guó)家的工業(yè)化計(jì)劃所要求的資本設(shè)備，而國(guó)家的工業(yè)化計(jì)劃則強(qiáng)調(diào)重工業(yè)的發(fā)展。

　　2. The growth of foreign trade was distrupted again during the Cultural Revolution when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.

　　3. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China‘s economic planners， but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese economy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978， placing undue strain on the national economy.

　　在這個(gè)時(shí)期，出口增長(zhǎng)要快于進(jìn)口增長(zhǎng)不僅是由于中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃者著重強(qiáng)調(diào)出口，也是因?yàn)榇蠖喙I(yè)項(xiàng)目在1979年被推遲了。官方承認(rèn)外國(guó)技術(shù)能夠在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)代化化中起重大作用，這導(dǎo)致了1978年中國(guó)的進(jìn)口增加了50%以上，從而給國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)了重壓。

　　4. Chinese official stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry， but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication，not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.

　　中國(guó)官員強(qiáng)調(diào)為國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)引進(jìn)先進(jìn)技術(shù)的重要性，但是需要的是各種程度不同的精尖技術(shù)，而不是像西方國(guó)家理解的先進(jìn)技術(shù)。

　　5. There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments，but the size of the visible trade surplus during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years. 沒(méi)有官方的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料涉及無(wú)形貿(mào)易收支，但在1981-1983年期間的有形貿(mào)易順差的大小和旅游贏利的顯著增長(zhǎng)表明了經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目在過(guò)去幾年里有盈余。

　　6. Goods are produced according to a sample provided by the customer，while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade whereby a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods， produced by the equipment provided，in return .Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product. Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign trade are eligible for exemption from customs duties and taxation.

　　根據(jù)顧客提供的樣品來(lái)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，同時(shí)強(qiáng)烈鼓勵(lì)補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易。由此國(guó)外的供應(yīng)商提供原材料和設(shè)備并收到由其提供的設(shè)備生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的制成品作為回報(bào)。補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易在某種程度上不同于易貨貿(mào)易和反向貿(mào)易，在國(guó)外提供的設(shè)備和制成品中有直接的聯(lián)系。來(lái)件組裝始于1978年，特殊的對(duì)外貿(mào)易形式有資格免除關(guān)稅和其他稅收。

　　7. The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China‘s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets. The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy， such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints， have been tackled.

　　許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家面對(duì)的債務(wù)問(wèn)題使中國(guó)在引進(jìn)外國(guó)技術(shù)時(shí)下了這樣的決心：采用直接投資和優(yōu)惠付款方式融資，而不是在國(guó)際資本市場(chǎng)籌集大額的資金。在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的許多實(shí)際瓶頸，如運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不足和能源缺乏被克服以前，官方認(rèn)為招來(lái)大筆外債的做法是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

　　第二章

　　一、術(shù)語(yǔ)：

　　1.The special Economic Zone 經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)

　　2.a well-placed source 一位高層消息靈通人士

　　3.infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

　　4.capital stock 實(shí)際資本

　　5.consumer goods 消費(fèi)品

　　6.preferential tax rate 優(yōu)惠稅率

　　7.cooperative enterprise 合作（經(jīng)營(yíng)）企業(yè)

　　8.ETDZ （ Economic &Technical Development Zone ）經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)

　　9.entrepreneurship 企業(yè)家精神

　　10.means of production 生產(chǎn)資料

　　11.stock-taking 評(píng)估

　　12.Allocation of resources 資源配置

　　13.macroregulation and control 宏觀調(diào)控

　　14.fiscal policies 財(cái)政政策

　　15.tight monetary policy 緊縮的貨幣政策

　　16.working capital 運(yùn)營(yíng)資本

　　17.basic policy 基本國(guó)策

　　18.technical transformation 技術(shù)革新

　　二、詞語(yǔ)釋義：

　　1.in piecemeal form： piece by piece； gradually 逐漸的

　　2.showpiece： a prime or outstanding example 典范

　　3.pipedream： fantasy； daydream； dream that cannot be realized 白日夢(mèng)

　　4.from scratch： from the very beginning 從零開(kāi)始，從最初開(kāi)始

　　5.grassroots： basic level 基層

　　6.the dust settles： the confusion ends 塵埃落定

　　7.in the driver‘s seat： in the dominant position

　　三、句子翻譯：

　　1.A clearly confident China has rolled up a large section of its bamboo curtain， declared itself “open to the outside world” and hung signs on nearly all its cities inviting foreign investors to come and do serious business.

　　明顯地，滿(mǎn)懷信心的中國(guó)卷起了大部分的竹幕，并宣布向外部世界開(kāi)放，打出邀請(qǐng)外國(guó)投資者來(lái)它所有的城市投資項(xiàng)目的招牌。

　　2.The literally， this does not make more sense as the parts of the coast which have not been “opened” are simply not ready for the demands of foreign businessman.

　　從字面上來(lái)理解，這沒(méi)有太大的意義，由于部分沿海城市還沒(méi)有為外商的需求做好準(zhǔn)備。

　　3.In the SEZs， which are being built almost from scratch， foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country， be it， for example， production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.

　　在一切幾乎從零開(kāi)始的經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)，只要中國(guó)政府認(rèn)為對(duì)國(guó)家有益，外國(guó)人可對(duì)任何項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行投資，例如出口貨物的生產(chǎn)或私人住宅的房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)。

　　4.So， while comprehensive framework for the country“s modernization has been provided by the central committee”s 21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure， it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in a systematic way.

　　因此，雖然中央委員會(huì)1984年10月21日的改革經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的決定為該國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化提供了一個(gè)綜合的框架，但要等塵埃落定、要等地方政府與外國(guó)投資者能有條不紊的打交道卻還需要一段時(shí)間。

　　5.Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when the National People‘s Congress discusses the seventh five-year plan， which will run to the end of the decade.

　　評(píng)估開(kāi)放政策將在這年遲一些到來(lái)，在全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)討論第七個(gè)五年計(jì)劃，到10年末將進(jìn)行。

　　第三章

　　一、術(shù)語(yǔ)：

　　1.economic heavyweight 舉足輕重的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)

　　2.commercial hub 商業(yè)活動(dòng)中心

　　3.Per capita 人均

　　4.Gross National Product 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值

　　5.punitive import tariff 懲罰性進(jìn)口關(guān)稅

　　6.securities 有價(jià)證券

　　7.real estate market 房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)

　　8.“ Greater China”trade bloc “大中華”貿(mào)易集團(tuán)

　　9.conglomerate 跨行業(yè)公司

　　10.consortium 國(guó)際財(cái)團(tuán)

　　11.GATT：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定

　　二、詞語(yǔ)釋義：

　　1.jockey： move

　　2.is bustling with： is filled with

　　3.giddy： dizzy； euphoric

　　4.farfetched： improbable； incredible

　　5.clear： earn a net profit

　　6.deal a hard blow t strike heavily

　　7.rung： level

　　8.retaliation： return of ill treatment for ill treatment； revenge； reprisal

　　9.career out of control： run out of control

　　三、句子翻譯：

　　1. A farfetched prediction？ The new American administration doesn‘t think so. Bill Clinton has appointed China hands to top Asia posts at the state and Treasury departments. When critics called the appointments a slight to Japan， the leading Pacific economic power， U.S. Deputy Treasury Secretary Roger Altman explained the administration’s reasoning： by early in the next century， he said ，China may replace Japan in importance to the U.S. as an economic partner. Japan recognizes the rise of China. As a warning shot in an intensifying rivalry， Tokyo last week put punitive import tariffs on Chinese steel.

　　一個(gè)牽強(qiáng)的預(yù)測(cè)嗎？新美國(guó)行政機(jī)構(gòu)不這樣俯為，克林頓已被委任中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院和財(cái)政部在亞洲的要職，評(píng)論家稱(chēng)這個(gè)委任冷落了日本。最大的太平經(jīng)濟(jì)力量，美國(guó)的代表-財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)羅格·奧得曼解釋行政機(jī)構(gòu)的理由：他說(shuō)：“在下個(gè)世紀(jì)初，中國(guó)可以會(huì)取代日本作為美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴的重要地位。”日本承認(rèn)中國(guó)的崛起，上周日本作為在日益激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的一次鳴槍警示給中國(guó)的鋼以懲罰性的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。

　　2.With the U.S. Congress due to consider the renewal of China“s most-favored nation trade status in June， officials in Beijing fear the trade imbalance could surpass human rights as a source of U.S. opposition to preferred status for China. ”The trade surplus itself will be the NO.1 problem this year.“ Says one Chinese official. ”After Japan， we‘ll be first in line for relation.“

　　美國(guó)議會(huì)由于考慮在六月延長(zhǎng)中國(guó)最惠國(guó)待遇，北京的官員擔(dān)心貿(mào)易不平衡可能超越人權(quán)問(wèn)題而作為反對(duì)優(yōu)惠待遇的借口。中國(guó)的一位官員說(shuō)：“貿(mào)易順差將會(huì)成為今年首要問(wèn)題。”繼日本之后，我們會(huì)成為第一個(gè)被報(bào)復(fù)的國(guó)家。

　　3.However， even as the party promotes growth as a national priority， it worries about going too far. Inflation has recently climbed back into double digits， and the party press is issuing strident warnings， urging restraint on buyers and sellers alike. Rapid development is overwhelming China‘s antique transport networks.

　　然而，正當(dāng)黨把促進(jìn)增長(zhǎng)作為一個(gè)國(guó)家優(yōu)先的問(wèn)題時(shí)，它又擔(dān)心增長(zhǎng)的太快。通貨膨脹已在近期又回到了兩位數(shù)，黨政刊物發(fā)出刺耳的警告，力勸買(mǎi)賣(mài)方都要克制。

　　第四章

　　一、術(shù)語(yǔ)：

　　1.centrally-planned economy 中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)

　　2.market economy 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)

　　3.disinflationary （anti-inflationary） policies 反通貨膨脹政策

　　4.deflation 通貨緊縮

　　5.short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元利率

　　6.commodity market 商品市場(chǎng)

　　7.nominal （dollar） terms 名義（美元）價(jià)

　　8.constant （dollar） terms 不變（美元）價(jià)9.business cycle 商業(yè)周期

　　10.weighted average 加權(quán)平均數(shù)

　　11.hard currencies 硬通貨

　　12.fiscal adjustment 財(cái)政調(diào)整

　　13.portfolio investment 有價(jià)證券投資

　　14.market diversification 市場(chǎng)多元化

　　15.tight credit policy 緊縮的信貸政策16.exchange-rate devaluation 匯率貶值

　　17.accommodative monetary policy 融通性貨幣政策

　　18.yield curve 收益曲線

　　19.per capita GDP 人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

　　20.GATT： General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定

　　21.EMS： European Monetary System 歐洲貨幣體系

　　22.GDP deflator 消除國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值通貨膨脹因素指數(shù)（ GDP 平減指數(shù)）

　　23.CMEA （Comecon）： Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 經(jīng)互會(huì)

　　24.LIBOR： London Inter-Bank Offered Rate 倫敦同業(yè)銀行優(yōu)惠利率

　　22.per capita income 人均收入

　　23.multilateral trade agreements 多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定

　　24.Portfolio investment 證券投資

　　25.cyclical deceleration in investment spending 生產(chǎn)總值通貨膨脹因素指數(shù)

　　26.the population-weighted growth rate 人口加權(quán)增長(zhǎng)率

　　二、詞語(yǔ)釋義：

　　1.in a row： in succession

　　2.easing： slowing down； decrease

　　3.momentum： force of movement

　　4.underlying： being at the basis of

　　5.slackening： slowing of speed

　　6.compound： worsen

　　7.moderate inflation： ease inflation

　　8.robust： strong and healthy

　　9.setbacks： frustrations

　　10.slump： depression

　　11.edge down： move slowly down

　　12.depreciation： devaluation

　　13.spike： abrupt increase

　　14.pick-up： recovery

　　15.rein in： control

　　16.bottoming-out： reaching the lowest point before rising again （ 止跌回升）

　　17.stagnat： stop； almost

　　三、句子翻譯：

　　1.International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The Seven major industrial countries （the G-7） experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth-from 2.8 percent in 1990 to 1.9 percent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada， the United Kingdom， and the United States and growth rates slowed in Continental Europe and Japan. In important respects. The slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies， weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition， a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending.

　　1991年，在發(fā)展中國(guó)家增長(zhǎng)惡化的國(guó)際情形下，七個(gè)主要工業(yè)國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)急劇的下滑，從1990年的2.8%下降到1991年的1.9%，像加拿大、美國(guó)、英國(guó)陷入了蕭條，歐洲大陸和日本增長(zhǎng)率減緩。這個(gè)減速與發(fā)生在20世紀(jì)70年代和80年代的不同。并不是反通貨膨脹政策的結(jié)果，需求的疲軟大多與發(fā)展勢(shì)頭的喪失緊密相關(guān)，這個(gè)勢(shì)頭開(kāi)始于1983年，在長(zhǎng)期擴(kuò)充中已經(jīng)形成。此外，在許多工業(yè)國(guó)減速的一個(gè)普遍的根本因素是投資開(kāi)支的周期性。

　　2.Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in nominal commodity prices and to a slackening， to 3 percent， in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the soviet Union and its successor states， where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of import from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports to earn hard currencies.

　　盡管美國(guó)疲軟的需求導(dǎo)致了短期美元利率急劇地下跌，但對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家的發(fā)展是積極的，它也導(dǎo)致了名義產(chǎn)品價(jià)格約6%的下跌，世界貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)下跌了3%.蘇聯(lián)和它的后繼國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)情形的惡化加劇了這一趨勢(shì)，外匯短缺的增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致了從東歐進(jìn)口的壓縮，加速了某些產(chǎn)品的出口，獲得了硬通貨。

　　3.Financial stress brought on by excessive debt in the household and corporate sectors was an example of another kind of structural problem， in particular for the economies of Japan and the United States. Financial institutions in these two countries adopted more conservative lending policies， curtailing financing of higher-risk projects such as commercial construction and highly leveraged corporate transaction. A number of weaker institutions were also consolicated through bankruptcy， merger and reorganization.

　　過(guò)多債務(wù)的財(cái)政壓力招致了家族和公司部門(mén)是另外一種結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題的例子，尤其是日本和美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)。這兩個(gè)國(guó)家在財(cái)政制度上采取了比較保守的借貸政策，削減了對(duì)商業(yè)建筑這類(lèi)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的財(cái)政項(xiàng)目和對(duì)公司依靠大量借貸進(jìn)行交易的融資。大多數(shù)疲軟的機(jī)構(gòu)也通過(guò)破產(chǎn)，合并和重組來(lái)聯(lián)合。

　　4.The major risk facing this highly trade-oriented region is the potential for sluggishness or disruption in world-trade flows. Economic weakness in some of the region‘s traditional export markets has underlined the importance of market diversification， including a further strengthening of ties within the region. Increasingly buoyant intraregional trade in East Asia may be viewed as evidence of an ongoing process of “market-oriented” regional integration， a development that could partially offset lackluster progress in the area of multilateral trade agreements.

　　這個(gè)高度以貿(mào)易為導(dǎo)向的地區(qū)面對(duì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要是潛在的世界貿(mào)易流中的蕭條或混亂。一些地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)出口市場(chǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)萎靡已強(qiáng)調(diào)了市場(chǎng)多樣化的重要性。包括進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)地區(qū)內(nèi)的聯(lián)系。

　　日益活躍的東亞內(nèi)貿(mào)易可被視為一個(gè)“市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向”地區(qū)一體化的見(jiàn)證，這一點(diǎn)可彌補(bǔ)多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定領(lǐng)域毫無(wú)生氣的進(jìn)展局面。

·2010年10月自學(xué)考試成績(jī)查詢(xún)時(shí)間及方式匯總

·2011年各地1、4月自學(xué)考試報(bào)名匯總

更多信息請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)：自學(xué)考試頻道    自學(xué)考試論壇    自學(xué)考試博客