自學(xué)高教自考英語(yǔ)翻譯方法
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自學(xué)高教自考英語(yǔ)翻譯方法
英語(yǔ)翻譯課程學(xué)習(xí)方法
一、傳統(tǒng)教材與新教材的關(guān)系從今年始,英漢互譯的自學(xué)考試將由全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)統(tǒng)一組織實(shí)施和管理。這對(duì)統(tǒng)一全國(guó)考生的要求,提高翻譯實(shí)踐能力和水平都是件好事。目前,相關(guān)的統(tǒng)編教材,由莊繹傳所編寫(xiě)的《英漢翻譯教程》已出版發(fā)行。這本教材采用了與傳統(tǒng)教材不一樣的編寫(xiě)思路。不再是以詞、句為單位進(jìn)行翻譯方法,如直譯、意譯等方法及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,增詞、減詞之類的技巧進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),而是直接進(jìn)入篇章,以各種文體的篇章為單位進(jìn)行練習(xí)。這是一種創(chuàng)新,是有助于提高考生實(shí)際翻譯能力的。因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)诜g實(shí)踐中很少情況只是譯詞或譯句,而是篇章的翻譯。所以,這將更接近于我們的工作實(shí)際了。但這也會(huì)為初學(xué)翻譯的學(xué)生帶來(lái)一些不利條件,那就是對(duì)翻譯的基本方法與技巧缺乏認(rèn)識(shí)。所以在新教材的第404 頁(yè)“有關(guān)說(shuō)明與實(shí)施要求”中提到參考書(shū),明確指出由張培基等人編寫(xiě)的《英漢翻譯教程》(上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社)一書(shū),以及呂瑞昌等人編寫(xiě)的《漢英翻譯教程》(陜西人民出版社)一書(shū)仍是重要的參考書(shū),我認(rèn)為作為初學(xué)翻譯的同志這兩本書(shū)是一定要看一看的。當(dāng)然這兩本教材也有其明顯的不足,即僅以詞、句為單位探討翻譯,而沒(méi)有進(jìn)入篇章的層次。我們?nèi)绻褍煞N教材結(jié)合起來(lái),以老教材為輔,以新教材為主,會(huì)有較好的成效。
二、篇章翻譯的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題首先,凡是一個(gè)篇章,就會(huì)遇到文體的問(wèn)題,就是我們必須明確我們所要譯的文章是文學(xué)作品還是科學(xué)、法律方面的文章,是一篇簡(jiǎn)介性的文字還是一篇講演詞。因?yàn)椴煌捏w的文章在表現(xiàn)形式上是很不一樣的,如法律文體有一些法律常用詞語(yǔ),科技也會(huì)各自有一些專門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ),應(yīng)用文有時(shí)有嚴(yán)格的格式要求,文學(xué)則更為復(fù)雜,因?yàn)槠渲袑?duì)話,描述,心理描寫(xiě),景物或人物描寫(xiě)又各有不同。議論文句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)言正式,長(zhǎng)句較多,等等,這在遣詞用句上都有差異。這本教材在P395頁(yè)“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)”都有粗略的說(shuō)明。請(qǐng)學(xué)員認(rèn)真看一下,并可結(jié)合其他有關(guān)參考書(shū)豐富其內(nèi)容,以便有更好的掌握。
其次是語(yǔ)域問(wèn)題。
所謂“語(yǔ)域”(register)是指具有某種具體用途的語(yǔ)言變體,我們可以從交際領(lǐng)域、交際方式和交際關(guān)系把語(yǔ)言分成不同的語(yǔ)域,如從交際雙方的社會(huì)地位和社會(huì)關(guān)系來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)可以分為冷漠體,正式體,商量體,隨便體,親密體等五種,如果從交際領(lǐng)域來(lái)分又可以分成正式體,半正式體,公共核心體,半非正式體,非正式體等。不同的語(yǔ)域語(yǔ)言變體彼此是有區(qū)別的,如果用幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明一下就會(huì)看得很清楚。如“湯姆病了,今天沒(méi)去上學(xué)”,如果說(shuō)Tom didn't go to school ,becausehe was ill. 這就是一句公共核心語(yǔ),而如果說(shuō)Tom was ill ,so he didn't go to school.這就是口語(yǔ)體,即非正式語(yǔ)體,如果說(shuō):Being ill ,Tom didn't go to school 或Tom didn't go to schoolbecause of illness. 都是正式語(yǔ)體(當(dāng)然這句話的內(nèi)容用這種句式表達(dá)并不合適)。從中我們可以看到用原因從句的表達(dá)方式是比較正常的,用so連接的句子顯得不怎么正式,用抽象名詞和分詞短語(yǔ)的形式都顯得十分正式。另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有語(yǔ)域方面的區(qū)別。如according to和inaccord ance with,前者為公共核心語(yǔ),而后者為正式用語(yǔ),It is important 和It is of importance相比,也是前者為公共核心語(yǔ),而后者為正式體。甚至連冠詞的用法都可以表示這種區(qū)別,The horseis a useful animal;A horse is a useful aninal;Horses are useful animals.第一種用定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的是正式用法,而用不定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的則為公共核心語(yǔ),最后一種,復(fù)數(shù)泛指的類屬表示法則為非正式語(yǔ)體。所以,我們?cè)诮佑|一個(gè)篇章時(shí),弄清它的語(yǔ)域情況是十分重要的。因?yàn)檫@將決定我們?cè)诜g時(shí)如何選詞組句,例如,我們看到下面一個(gè)句子:After an hour of climbing,we finally found ourselue's at zhurong Peak,the very apex of Mt ,Hengshan,towering 1,296m above the sea level.我們可以從after ……climbing這種動(dòng)名詞用法看出比較正式,它不是用短句表示(After we had climbed for an hour),如用短句則顯得更為常見(jiàn)的公共核心語(yǔ)體,另外,apex,頂峰,巔峰,與之同義的詞還有summit,top 等詞,但apex更為典雅,正式程度高于summit,更高于top.再有towering這一分詞的使用,也說(shuō)明其正式性,不是用短句(it towers 1 ,296m above sealevel )。那么,我們?cè)诜g這句時(shí)則用比較正式的語(yǔ)言,如可譯為:“一小時(shí)后,我們終于登上高達(dá)海拔1296公尺的衡山之巔祝融峰?!倍蛔g作:“我們爬了一個(gè)鐘頭,終于到了祝融峰的山頂,它是衡山的最高峰,有1296公尺”。
一般情況,法律、科技、報(bào)道,講演詞,政論文等都比較正式,而小說(shuō)中文體,語(yǔ)域最復(fù)雜,要視情況而定,不可一概而論。關(guān)于這方面的更多內(nèi)容可以參閱一些關(guān)于文體學(xué),語(yǔ)義學(xué)等方面的書(shū)。
最后,談一下語(yǔ)篇的銜接和連貫問(wèn)題。信息的傳遞一般都遵循由已知信息引導(dǎo)出未知信息的,表示已知信息(舊信息)的部分叫主位,(theme )表示未知信息的部分叫述位,(rheme )而主述位的不斷推進(jìn)是有一定規(guī)律的,如果破壞了這種規(guī)律,語(yǔ)言就不那么順,也就是破壞了銜接與連貫。例如:At noon ,we picnicked in a dense forest,through which ran a murmuring creek.The waterwas so clear that we could see reflections of bamboos and trees and soft lazy clouds driftingacross the sky. 我們可以看出原文從時(shí)間(中午)引導(dǎo)出一系列新的信息,其中上文提到的那一天,在此說(shuō)“中午”這一時(shí)間時(shí)可視為已知信息。在新信息中提到了密林中的野炊,林中有小溪,而第二句話用“溪水”來(lái)引導(dǎo),因第一句中提到小溪,故在第二句中“溪水”當(dāng)然已成已知信息了,它又引出一系列新的信息。所以,我們?cè)诜g時(shí)也應(yīng)如此??勺g為:“正午時(shí)分,我們野宴于密林深處,林中小溪潺潺流過(guò),溪水清冽,岸邊竹樹(shù),天上閑云,盡映水底。”這種譯文就意思上連貫,讀起來(lái)順暢。如果破壞了這種規(guī)律,情況就不同了。例如:We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We havecome to dedicate a portion of the fied,as a final resting place for those who here gave theirlives that that nation might live.It is a Hogether fitting and proper that we should do this.原文中均以we(我們)作為已知信息,引導(dǎo)出不同的新的信息。所以,我們?cè)谧g時(shí)不應(yīng)破壞它。而有的譯文則沒(méi)有遵守,譯為:我們?cè)谶@場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的一個(gè)偉大戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上集會(huì)。烈士們?yōu)槭惯@個(gè)國(guó)家能夠生存下去而獻(xiàn)出了自己的生命,我們?cè)诖思瘯?huì)是為了把這個(gè)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的一部分奉獻(xiàn)給他們作為最后安息之所。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)該而且非常恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR>
這樣讀起來(lái)就不順,因?yàn)檫@段都是在講“我們”應(yīng)如何,如何,中間突然插進(jìn)一個(gè)“烈士們”,有些突兀,故應(yīng)改為:我們?cè)谶@場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的一個(gè)偉大戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上集會(huì),是為了把戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的一角奉獻(xiàn)給那些為捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家生存而在這里英勇獻(xiàn)身的烈士,作為他們的永久安息之地。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)?,是義不容辭的。
這樣才合乎信息傳遞的習(xí)慣。由于這方面的問(wèn)題還有很多,所采取的模式也有好幾種,不能一一列舉,如果有的人感興趣,可以看一看有關(guān)篇章語(yǔ)言學(xué)和有關(guān)語(yǔ)篇銜接與連貫方面的語(yǔ)言學(xué)書(shū)籍。
鑒于《英漢翻譯教程》一書(shū)有關(guān)這方面的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有提及,而我又認(rèn)為以上幾點(diǎn)很重要,故此多說(shuō)了幾句。當(dāng)然,有關(guān)篇章的翻譯問(wèn)題還有一些,如作品或作者的風(fēng)格問(wèn)題,但這些問(wèn)題較為復(fù)雜,也不對(duì)本科自考生做過(guò)高要求,就不贅述了。
三、關(guān)于漢譯英中的對(duì)原文理解問(wèn)題新教材的特點(diǎn)是把英譯漢與漢譯英綜合在一張?jiān)嚲砩峡迹珜?duì)英澤漢要求比漢譯英要求高一些。這是可以理解的。但對(duì)于漢譯英問(wèn)題,《教程》指出“漢譯英時(shí),原文是漢語(yǔ),理解一般不構(gòu)成很大問(wèn)題。”這是很容易產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)的。其實(shí),我們說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)容易理解是指交際中的理解,它與翻譯中的理解很不相同,翻譯中的理解要深得多,透得多才行,否則極易譯錯(cuò)。所以,我想提醒考生在漢譯英時(shí),對(duì)漢語(yǔ)原文一定要仔細(xì)思考才行,不可以以為一望便知,動(dòng)手便譯。如我們舉一個(gè)小例子,來(lái)看一看漢譯英時(shí)理解的困難。
例如,我國(guó)一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在談到對(duì)臺(tái)政策時(shí),曾說(shuō)過(guò)一句話:“大陸和中國(guó)臺(tái)灣統(tǒng)一后,大陸不派人去,軍隊(duì)不去,行政人員也不去,中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的黨、政、軍都由中國(guó)臺(tái)灣自己管起來(lái)。”這句話一聽(tīng)似乎就懂,但一旦動(dòng)筆來(lái)譯,情況就不同了,其中“不派人去”的“人”該怎么譯?總不能譯為people或persons 吧!那又是什么呢?這時(shí)必須認(rèn)真思考,參照上下文,根據(jù)講話人的身份(是黨的領(lǐng)袖人物),下文中“黨、政、軍”與上文中的“軍隊(duì)不去,行政人員也不去”相對(duì)照,可以斷定“人”應(yīng)是指“黨方面的代表性人物”,故可譯為representatines of the Communist Party. 再如在全國(guó)英語(yǔ)(專業(yè))八級(jí)考試中有一處寫(xiě)徐霞客的文章,說(shuō):“他常選擇不同的時(shí)間和季節(jié)多次重游各地名山,反復(fù)觀察變換的奇景”。初學(xué)者往往字對(duì)字的翻譯。如“挑選”譯為choose,或select,“時(shí)間”譯為time. 實(shí)際上,這種情況,“挑選”可不譯為動(dòng)詞,而“時(shí)間”根據(jù)上下文則為“一日中的不同時(shí)刻”。所以這句話應(yīng)譯為He visitedand revisited the famous mountains all over the country in different hours of a day and differentseasons of a year to observe the ever -changing scenes.另外,選擇譯詞時(shí)一定要吃透原文的上下文,不急于立即確定譯詞。例如,下面一句:三年前,他因參與了盜竊團(tuán)伙而被判刑三年,在勞改農(nóng)場(chǎng),因表現(xiàn)突出被提前一年釋放。
我們的學(xué)生一看到“被判刑三年”馬上就選擇了be sentenced to 3 years' imprisonment.這類短語(yǔ),而不注意下文的“在勞改農(nóng)場(chǎng)”。實(shí)際上這句話已告訴你他判的“刑”不是“坐牢”(imprisonment)而是“勞改”,(reform through labour )。另外,句中“在勞改農(nóng)場(chǎng)”一語(yǔ)也會(huì)被初學(xué)者直接譯為on the reform farm,而實(shí)際上,根據(jù)上下文來(lái)看,這一段(包括這句話的更大的上下文)都是以“時(shí)間”為主線的,所以這個(gè)短語(yǔ)也應(yīng)從時(shí)間著眼來(lái)考慮,應(yīng)譯為when the worked on the reform farm.這樣體現(xiàn)的是他在農(nóng)場(chǎng)的那段時(shí)間,而非地點(diǎn)。故此這句話應(yīng)譯為:Three years ago ,he was arrestedand sentenced to three years' reform through labour.When he worked on the reform farm ,hebe haved himself so well that he got released one year earlier. 值得一提的是,我們?cè)赽e sentencedto前又加了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,be arrested ,這是因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中直接說(shuō)be sentenced to 令人感到太突兀。在英語(yǔ)中這個(gè)詞前常加上一個(gè)詞,如be tried and sentenced to ……等。當(dāng)然,這方面對(duì)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)就較難一些了,暫不作要求。但卻可以讓同學(xué)們留心觀察一些英語(yǔ)詞匯的用法特點(diǎn)。
實(shí)際上,中國(guó)學(xué)生在進(jìn)行翻譯實(shí)踐時(shí),理解問(wèn)題出得多的并不是英譯漢,而恰恰是漢譯英。當(dāng)然,漢譯英的表達(dá)就更有難度了。因篇幅所限不再多說(shuō)。
四、如何使用新教程,并抓住難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)看慣傳統(tǒng)翻譯教材的學(xué)生看不慣這本教程,就是沒(méi)接觸過(guò)翻譯教材的學(xué)生也不知該怎樣使用新教材,更談不上該怎樣把握其難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)了。
下面根據(jù)我個(gè)人的看法,談一談該如何使用新教材和如何把握難點(diǎn)以及重點(diǎn)。
1 、翻譯課不同于其他一些課程,它不僅是一些知識(shí),更在于能力的培養(yǎng)上。這就是翻譯的實(shí)踐性。這就要求學(xué)習(xí)者一定親自動(dòng)手。這本書(shū)共分十個(gè)單元,有三十個(gè)課文,其中英譯漢占三分之二(計(jì)20篇),漢譯英占三分之一(計(jì)10篇),此外還有一些供練習(xí)的原文,沒(méi)有附參考譯文、而前面的三十篇雙語(yǔ)閱讀則附有參考譯文。學(xué)習(xí)者可以根據(jù)文后提示,即介紹某文體特點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯練習(xí),但先不去參考所提供的譯文,待自己譯好后再去對(duì)照,這樣極易找出自己譯文的差距與不足。然后思考一下為什么自己的譯文不好,問(wèn)題存在在哪兒?這樣經(jīng)過(guò)一段學(xué)習(xí)、實(shí)踐能會(huì)有較大提高,對(duì)自己存在的問(wèn)題會(huì)更清楚。對(duì)沒(méi)有附譯文的短文翻譯練習(xí)也要做,如不知自己做得如何,可以通過(guò)社會(huì)助學(xué),請(qǐng)教老師,或與別人共同商討等方法來(lái)解決。因?yàn)榭荚嚨亩涛暮芸赡軓臅?shū)外或這部分中選題。
2 、認(rèn)真研究“提示”和“解說(shuō)”及“小結(jié)”的內(nèi)容。應(yīng)一句一句地仔細(xì)琢摸,一個(gè)詞一個(gè)詞地思考,我們細(xì)心的學(xué)生會(huì)注意到,考試題是以句子為主的,而大部分要從書(shū)上選擇句子,而這部分又恰是翻譯的難點(diǎn),是極易成為考試的具體內(nèi)容的。當(dāng)然,我們并不是為了應(yīng)付考試才關(guān)注這些內(nèi)容的,主要是因?yàn)樗鼈円彩欠g實(shí)踐中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的地方。
3 、關(guān)于翻譯理論和語(yǔ)言對(duì)比。
該書(shū)“關(guān)于命題考試的若干規(guī)定”中說(shuō)得十分清楚。即“關(guān)于英漢語(yǔ)對(duì)比和翻譯理論的考題不超出《英漢翻譯教程》的范圍?!币簿驼f(shuō),只要認(rèn)真把書(shū)中這部分的內(nèi)容好好地看一看,這項(xiàng)分?jǐn)?shù)就是十拿九穩(wěn)的。但這部分內(nèi)容也較雜亂,看書(shū)應(yīng)細(xì),可以按教材P401頁(yè)的順序去復(fù)習(xí)。如果介紹的內(nèi)容是英語(yǔ)原文的節(jié)選,則一定首先把其意義理解。
4 、認(rèn)真研究每單元的考核要求在教材的P395頁(yè)的“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)”中,作者已將每單元的考核要求明確列出,所以,我們?cè)谧龇g實(shí)踐練習(xí)時(shí),先應(yīng)看一看這里的內(nèi)容,弄清重點(diǎn)和要點(diǎn)。做到練習(xí)時(shí)更具針對(duì)性。也對(duì)應(yīng)試有好處。
但這里所提示的一些要求有時(shí)失之過(guò)簡(jiǎn),學(xué)員可以再找一些其他相關(guān)參考書(shū),補(bǔ)充和系統(tǒng)某項(xiàng)知識(shí)。例如,第四單元中考核要求中提到“數(shù)字的譯法”一項(xiàng),可教程中所提供的內(nèi)容并不全面,也不夠系統(tǒng),這時(shí),你可以找一些相關(guān)的書(shū)來(lái)補(bǔ)充它,完善它,使自己在這一方面會(huì)有更大的收獲。
如,數(shù)字大小的表示法,數(shù)的增減以及倍數(shù)表示法,分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法等,都應(yīng)一并掌握,最好作出筆記,以備復(fù)習(xí)。尤其應(yīng)注意一些特殊的表示法,例如英語(yǔ)中常用“減少(縮?。丁钡挠梅?,而漢語(yǔ)卻沒(méi)有,這時(shí)應(yīng)用漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表示法表示。如:Switching time of the new type transistoris shortened 3 times. 如果譯為:“新型晶體管的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了三倍。”這是不合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)的“倍”只用于“增加”“增長(zhǎng)”之類,這時(shí)應(yīng)改為:新型晶體管的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了三分之二,或“……縮短到三分之一?!?BR>
類似這些英漢語(yǔ)差異性較大的地方也往往是重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
總之,英漢與漢英翻譯是一種綜合能力的檢驗(yàn),絕不是讀一本翻譯教程書(shū)就可以有多大提高的,每個(gè)人都應(yīng)從其他各門(mén)學(xué)科,包括英語(yǔ)的各門(mén)課程中去吸取知識(shí),提高能力,提高各方面的文化素質(zhì),才能以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變,立于不敗之地。
定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句是由一些關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句組成,用來(lái)修飾名詞中心詞。
Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around the worldto produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we canexpect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.皮而森匯集了……生產(chǎn)出獨(dú)特的千年歷,這種千年歷(它)能夠……
定語(yǔ)的翻譯要特別注意位子上的變化,即:如果是單詞修飾名詞就放在中心詞的前面,這和漢語(yǔ)的詞序是一樣的;如果定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),定語(yǔ)就要放在中心詞的后面,這時(shí)就要注意斷句,重復(fù)先行詞,例如:1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在學(xué)英語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題上,我和你有同樣的問(wèn)題。
2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不錯(cuò)。
3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 這的確是一個(gè)非常棘手的問(wèn)題。
4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 別的知道這個(gè)秘密的人就是他的父母。
5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students whoadvise the academic authorities 有效的維持紀(jì)律通常是由一些學(xué)生來(lái)做的,而這些學(xué)生則負(fù)責(zé)給學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)提建議。
6.The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing during the lastIce Age which began about 35,00 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.作出這些刻記的游牧人,依靠狩獵和捕魚(yú)生活在冰河時(shí)代的晚期。這段時(shí)期大約始于公元前35,000 年而結(jié)束于公元前10,000 年。
7. For several hundred years, cases have been reported of children who have beenreared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.在過(guò)去的幾百年中,已經(jīng)有記載說(shuō),確實(shí)有被動(dòng)物養(yǎng)大的與世隔絕的狼孩的存在。
另外,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)還要注意未省略關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的定語(yǔ)從句,翻譯時(shí)所遵守的原則和上述的一樣:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:8.He is the very person (whom) I‘m looking for.他正是我要找的人。
9.This is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently. 這就是我們政府一直追求的靈活政策。
10.Those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receivescholarship.那些家里提供不起食宿的學(xué)生可以得到獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。
11.There are forms that occasionally occur which should not be taught to students.有些形式是不能告訴給學(xué)生的。
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:12.I took Mr. John to the village , where I had spent mycarefree childhood. 我把約翰先生帶到我度過(guò)無(wú)憂無(wú)慮童年的鄉(xiāng)村。
13.I still remember the time when we studied in the same university.我還記得我們一起上大學(xué)的日子。
具體翻譯來(lái)說(shuō),定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯可分為限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)不論是在語(yǔ)序方面還是重復(fù)先行詞方面都有一定的講究:
限制性定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯可分為以下幾方面:1.前置:這種定語(yǔ)從句一般比較短,翻譯起來(lái)比較方便,和漢語(yǔ)的詞序完全一樣,例如:a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen thismonth.這是這個(gè)月我所看到的最好的天氣。
b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我們兩國(guó)是友誼長(zhǎng)存的友好鄰邦。
c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.老師通常喜歡考試中成績(jī)好的學(xué)生。
d.他不是一個(gè)輕易服輸?shù)娜薍e is not the one who will give up easily.
以上的這些例子告訴我們,如果定語(yǔ)很短的話,我們可以把他象漢語(yǔ)一樣放在中心詞的前面。但是,有的時(shí)候,如果定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),讀起來(lái)就不符和漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,因此,往往要后置,重復(fù)先行詞,這就是下面要提到的定語(yǔ)從句的“后置”問(wèn)題,例如:
2.后置:a. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only aftertheir death.吝嗇鬼經(jīng)常是看起來(lái)年很孤單、不為人所主意,可他們的財(cái)富只有等到他們死了以后才暴露出來(lái)。
3.“綜合性”的翻譯法。
綜合性“的翻譯就是,翻譯時(shí)不需要關(guān)系詞,其中的關(guān)系完全靠上下文的意思來(lái)表現(xiàn)出來(lái),例如:a.This is the place where the accident occurred.這就是發(fā)生交通事故的地方。
b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的鄰居把信交給了他。
c. There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.村子前面有棵大象樹(shù)d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly,honestly, and frankly about their trouble. 大多數(shù)病人想找人坦率、誠(chéng)實(shí)地傾訴他們的苦衷。
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:這里,也可以分為以下幾種:1.前置:a. We need a chairman , in whomeveryone has confidence 我們需要一個(gè)人人都信賴的主席。
b.The worldly well-known actor, who had been ill for two years , meet thunderstormapplause when reappeared on the stage.那個(gè)病了很多年的著名演員,一上臺(tái)觀眾就報(bào)以雷鳴般的掌聲。
c. Piccaso, whose works inspired many artists, lived until he was a ripe old age.畢加索的作品曾鼓勵(lì)了很多人,后來(lái)年紀(jì)很大時(shí),作品也日趨成熟。
2.后置:這里包括:重復(fù)先行詞,譯成并列分句。這是比較常見(jiàn)的翻譯方法:
a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank , by which means he hopes to dealwith any potential emergency easily.我們每個(gè)月都在銀行里存一些錢(qián),這樣,碰到有任何危機(jī)時(shí),我們就可以應(yīng)付了。
b. A table has four legs, one of which is broken.桌子有四條腿,其中的一條腿是壞的。
c. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems , of which obtainingwater is not the least. 生活在澳大利亞中部有很多問(wèn)題,其中取水還不算最艱苦的。
d.He decided to resign, which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances.他決定辭職,而這是他目前所能做的最好的事。
e.He is late for class today, as is often the case.他今天遲到了,而這是經(jīng)常的事。
以上的句子在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后,要重復(fù)先行詞。其中的“which ”可以是指前面的整個(gè)句子,也可以單指某個(gè)先行詞。
3.省略先行詞這種句行就象前面講的“綜和性”翻譯一樣,直接把整個(gè)句子的意思講出來(lái),例如:a.The two universities signed an agreement, under which they would exchange studentsand scholars. 這兩個(gè)大學(xué),簽定了協(xié)議,決定交換學(xué)生和學(xué)者。
b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse , whose face turned pale fortoo much loss of blood. 他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)士兵走進(jìn)農(nóng)舍,臉色因失血過(guò)多而蒼白。
c. He passed the exam , which can be read from his the light on his face.我從他臉上就可以看出他已通過(guò)了考試。
d. He arrived at the railway station in time, which is expected .他果然準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了火車(chē)站。
4.譯成狀語(yǔ)從句有些作定語(yǔ)的句子聽(tīng)起來(lái)卻有點(diǎn)象狀語(yǔ)從句,因此翻譯時(shí)可以將其譯成狀語(yǔ)似的從句:a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well, which is veryvaluable. (原因)
你應(yīng)該利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)好好學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),這太重要了。
b.We examine the quality of our products, which is why they are so reliable. (原因)
我們檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品很仔細(xì),因此產(chǎn)品都很可靠。
c.I never believe the stories , which is appealing.(讓步)
我從不相信他所說(shuō)的故事,即使它很動(dòng)聽(tīng)。
5.“as”引導(dǎo)的句子:除了以上這些例子以外,還有一些特殊的由“as”引導(dǎo)的句子,翻譯時(shí)可參考“as”的比較結(jié)構(gòu)從句:a. He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。
b. They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of. 這些問(wèn)題可不是那么容易就能處理好的。
c. It wasn‘t such a good dinner as she had promised us.這頓飯可沒(méi)有她向我們說(shuō)的那么好。
直譯與意譯
直譯是基礎(chǔ),意譯是補(bǔ)充能直譯就盡量直譯,不能直譯就采取意譯
1. Their accent couldn‘t fool a native speaker. A. 他們的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不會(huì)聽(tīng)不出他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。
C.本地人一聽(tīng)他們的口音便知道他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。
2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful , nor is it a wayto make social problems evaporate.意譯:砸鏡子并不能解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題。
直譯:砸鏡子并不能使丑八怪變漂亮,也不能使社會(huì)問(wèn)題煙消云散。
3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直譯:他感到一陣恐懼涌上胃口意譯:他感到一陣恐懼涌上心頭
4. He bent solely upon profit. A. 他只屈身與利潤(rùn)之前B.只有利潤(rùn)才使他低頭。
C.他惟利是圖
5. Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are decantedin Munich ?
A.當(dāng)我們?cè)谀侥岷诒或v出車(chē)廂之前有任何在火車(chē)上吃早飯的可能性嗎?
B.我們?cè)谀侥岷诒或v出車(chē)廂之前,有可能在火車(chē)上吃早飯嗎?
6. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)和當(dāng)選芝加哥市長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)差不多B.他找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)直跟當(dāng)選芝加哥市長(zhǎng)同樣困難。
C.他找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)直微乎其微。
正說(shuō)與反說(shuō)
1.The administration was free corruption. 這屆政府沒(méi)有腐敗現(xiàn)象
2. Wet paint. 油漆未干
3.I remained confused about the problem.這個(gè)問(wèn)題我還是不懂
4. They are dependent on each other.他們誰(shuí)也離不開(kāi)誰(shuí)
5. He is far from what I expected.他遠(yuǎn)不是我想象的那樣。
6. let bygones be bygones.既往不咎
7. As was expected, he passed the exam easily. 果不出所料,他輕而易舉地通過(guò)了考試
8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我們決不辜負(fù)黨對(duì)我們的期望。
9. I hate the lack of privacy in the dorrnitory.我討厭宿舍里沒(méi)有獨(dú)處的機(jī)會(huì)。
10. You evidently think otherwise.你顯然有不同的看法
11. He will die of hunger before he will steal. 他寧愿餓死,也不愿去偷。
12. That little bridge is anything but safe.那座橋一點(diǎn)也不安全。
13. So far from taking my advice, he went and did just what I warned in ~ainit.他不但不聽(tīng)我的勸告,反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。
14. He was more frightened than hurt. 他沒(méi)有受什么傷,倒是受驚不小
正說(shuō)
15. Don't unstring your shoes.把鞋帶系上
16. Ml the teachers , without exception are to attend the meet Sunday. 所有的老師都要參加星期五的會(huì)議。
17. She carne into the room without shoes on. 她光腳走進(jìn)了房間。
18. The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.醫(yī)生立即把病人送往醫(yī)院。
19. I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你會(huì)成功。
20. It's no distance at all to the school , only a short walk. 從這到學(xué)校很近,只需要很短一段路。
正、反說(shuō)分析
21.If he had kept his temper, the negotiations would probably have been a success.如果他克制脾氣,談判可能早就成功了。
22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will notbe welcome. 有些人不愿意表達(dá)他們的感激之情,因?yàn)橛X(jué)得著有可能不受歡迎。
23. If you forward the transcripts yourself , they can be considered official onlyif the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果證件由申請(qǐng)人本人遞交,則本人不得擅自啟封,否則證件將被視為無(wú)效。
24. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我們對(duì)生活要永遠(yuǎn)抱樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度。
25. We strongly disapprove of the company' s new policy.我們強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)公司的策。
拆句單詞拆譯26.Incidentally , I suggest that you have the telephone moved to thesitting-room. 順便說(shuō)一句,我建議你把電話移至起居室。
27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有個(gè)習(xí)慣叫人受不了,意思反復(fù)不定,一會(huì)一個(gè)主張。
短語(yǔ)拆譯28. Throughout his life , Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learningfrom human contacts as well as from books.本杰明。富蘭克林整個(gè)一生都在受教育,他不僅從書(shū)本中學(xué)習(xí),而且也從與人交往中學(xué)習(xí)。
29. Energy can neither he created nor destroyed , a universally accepted law.能量即不能創(chuàng)造也不能消滅,這是一條公認(rèn)的規(guī)律。
30. The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone. 會(huì)議結(jié)束,人人表示彼此將友好相處。
31. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因?yàn)樗麤](méi)能遵守安全規(guī)則,機(jī)器出了故障。
32. His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds. 他的肺部很弱,冬天容易感冒。
33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide , then narowed in in-dignation.他搖了搖頭,兩眼睜的圓圓的,接著有瞇成一條線,臉上露出了憤怒的神情。
句子拆譯這里主要指英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句,尤其是長(zhǎng)句的拆譯。
34. He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信,對(duì)我表示歡迎,那信寫(xiě)的熱情洋溢,一如其人。
35. While I was waiting to enter university , I saw advertised in a local newspapera teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. 當(dāng)我等著進(jìn)大學(xué)期間,我在一份地方報(bào)紙上看到一則廣告,說(shuō)是在離我住處大約10英里的倫敦某郊區(qū),有所學(xué)校要招聘一名教師。
順序法
36. Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false. 你認(rèn)為我會(huì)和你同住一套公寓,那就錯(cuò)了 .
37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally en-gaged, biochemicalchanges occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (認(rèn)知的) areassuch as attention and memory. 研究人員證實(shí):人們?cè)趧?dòng)腦筋時(shí),頭腦會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多的變化,使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域中更有效地活動(dòng)
38. During the ice ages , human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of thetime would often make their homes in caves. 在冰河時(shí)代,人們面臨當(dāng)時(shí)較為寒冷的氣溫,常常在洞穴里安家。
逆序法
39. It was extended and preserved in the 19th century , when our nation spread acrossthe continent , saved the union, and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世紀(jì),我們的國(guó)家橫跨大陸,拯救了聯(lián)邦,廢除了恐怖的奴隸制的蹂躪,這一信念才得以流傳可擴(kuò)展。
40.By January 16, just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitlerhad staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition , the German forces were backto line from which they had set out.到1 月16日,德軍又回到了他們當(dāng)初出擊的戰(zhàn)線,這恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、彈藥儲(chǔ)備孤注一擲、發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻的一個(gè)月之后。
41. Five score years ago, a great American , in whose symbolic shadow we stand by,signed the Emancipation Proclamation. 100 年前,一位偉人簽署了《奴隸解放宣言》,今天,我們正是站在這位偉人富有象征意義的雕象下集會(huì)。
變序法(綜合法)
42. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
我有個(gè)問(wèn)題弄不懂,想請(qǐng)教你,你能回答嗎?
43. He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that hadthe same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance. 藥名混亂,有的由于不同藥物同一名稱所引起,而有的則由于同一藥物不同名稱所造成,他對(duì)此一一作了澄清。
44. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in criticalred ink , the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two thingswhich have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.一位老師這樣寫(xiě)到:如果我們能從學(xué)生作文中找出一兩處比上次做的更好的地方,并提出表?yè)P(yáng)性評(píng)語(yǔ),而不是用紅墨水把學(xué)生的作文批改的一塌糊涂,我們就能從中的更富有建設(shè)性的結(jié)果。
45. Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcendsthe virtue of uttering the truth for truth'5 sake , and that is as far as possible do noharm. 我們的職業(yè)傳統(tǒng)上格守一個(gè)信條,那就是盡可能的不造成傷害,這一信條勝過(guò)為講真話而講真話的美德。
46. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday electionresults that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority in the House.在一次記者招待會(huì)上,問(wèn)題集中于昨天的選舉結(jié)果,總統(tǒng)就此發(fā)了言。他說(shuō)他無(wú)法解釋為何共和黨遭到如此大的失敗。這種情況最終使共和黨在眾議院中失去了長(zhǎng)期享有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
為何要拆句?
47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in mankind.文獻(xiàn)讓我們了解到,恐懼癥在人類中具有漫長(zhǎng)的歷史。
48.What is good , I suppose, is that many people a"e concerned about TV' s influenceand that we have the power to change what we don' t like. 我看,好在有許多人關(guān)心電視的影響,而我們也有能力改變我們所不喜歡的東西。
英漢互譯時(shí)的詞序問(wèn)題I.兩種語(yǔ)言的總體比較:一方面,英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都是按照事物發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律進(jìn)行的,因而有其共同點(diǎn),例如:In order to communicate thoughts and feelings , peopleinvented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and thereceiver. (為了更好的交流思想和感情,人們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出了通常用的標(biāo)記和符號(hào)系統(tǒng),而這標(biāo)記和符號(hào)交流雙方都能看的懂。)
以上的幾個(gè)例句在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言里的詞序都是一樣的;而除此以外,還存在著很多不同點(diǎn)。另一方面,兩種語(yǔ)言又有許多不同點(diǎn)。下面就英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較:漢語(yǔ)比較注重事物發(fā)展的客觀順序,先發(fā)生什么,后發(fā)生什么,結(jié)果怎樣,最后才加上作者的評(píng)論和觀點(diǎn),不管有多少動(dòng)詞都可以并列、排比使用,不會(huì)出現(xiàn)詞法、句法等的沖突 .主題顯著,突出主題,而非單單的一個(gè)主語(yǔ),注重句子的“意和”,這就要求我們透過(guò)句子的表層結(jié)構(gòu),深入到句子的內(nèi)涵,先抓“整體”印象,充分理解過(guò)以后再把原文的意思形象翻譯出來(lái)。
而英語(yǔ)則不然,英語(yǔ)突出主語(yǔ),往往是評(píng)論、觀點(diǎn)在前,敘述、原因在后;表面形式上追求句子的“形和”,對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),特別強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡,往往借助于句法、詞法(如主從句、分詞、不定式等手段)來(lái)維持句子表面上的平衡、完整性,極力避免句子的“頭重腳輕”(因此,也就出現(xiàn)了許多“it is said that …”等等無(wú)主句)。所以,英文則是把作者的觀點(diǎn)、主張放在前面,以后再跟著原因、結(jié)果和目的等等從句。這些現(xiàn)象在新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)里尤其明顯,難怪有人說(shuō),“漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一根竹子,一節(jié)一節(jié)地連下去,而英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一竄葡萄,主桿可能很短,累累的果實(shí)附著在上面?!本唧w情況如下:
II. 英漢互譯時(shí)的時(shí)間順序?qū)Ρ龋?.The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing.Thisis, perhaps, a pity ,because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existedwhen shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally. 舊時(shí)的百貨店很快就消失了。過(guò)去,店主私下里都認(rèn)識(shí)他的老主顧們,而在今天這種事情再也不復(fù)存在了,這實(shí)在是太可惜了。
2.American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson ……
托馬斯。杰弗遜為美國(guó)的教育作出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。
下面的句子屬倒裝句型,是典型的英漢在翻譯時(shí)的順序差異:
1.Under the dust was a color map of Paris.(巴黎地圖上布滿了灰塵。)
2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday. (卡片上“生日快樂(lè)”字樣的下面寫(xiě)著一條消息。)
正是由于以上的原因,才會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩種語(yǔ)言在思維習(xí)慣、邏輯推理上的不同:
III.英漢互譯時(shí)邏輯思維順序上的差異:如上所述,如果一個(gè)句子里既有敘事的部分,又有表態(tài)的部分,在漢語(yǔ)里往往是敘事在前,表態(tài)在后,敘事部分可以很長(zhǎng),表態(tài)部分一般都很短。而在英語(yǔ)里則往往相反,表態(tài)在前,敘事在后。例如:1.表原因:a ……I am very happy and grateful to receiveyour message of greetings.接到你們的賀函,我十分愉快和感謝。
不過(guò),處理這種句行時(shí)要注意英漢互譯時(shí)的順序問(wèn)題,例如:
My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered foran administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "stepup" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power. 所有美國(guó)人受的教育就是:長(zhǎng)大成人后應(yīng)該追求金錢(qián)和權(quán)力,而我卻偏偏不要明明是朝這個(gè)目標(biāo) "邁進(jìn)" 的工作,他對(duì)此大或不解。
2.表目的The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding betweenthe two peoples.雙方同意,擴(kuò)大兩國(guó)人民之間的了解是可取的。
3.表?xiàng)l件和結(jié)果時(shí)的順序:a.One can never succeed without making great 1(結(jié)果) 2(條件)
efforts.譯文:(不努力就不會(huì)成功。)
2 (條件) 1(結(jié)果)
4.在表示讓步的句子里,通常也是原因在前,結(jié)果在后:Young as he is, he works hard.(盡管他很年輕,可他工作很買(mǎi)力。)
另外:下面的這個(gè)句子也可以視為結(jié)果一類的句子,它的英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的順序很能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題:
c.在當(dāng)今的教育界,已經(jīng)涌現(xiàn)出了大批的優(yōu)秀人才。
Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in today‘s education circle.
d. Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.人們關(guān)于終生飲酒的效果卻知道的很少
III.因語(yǔ)法手段而造成的英漢次序不一1.另外一些表示存在句的句子里也可見(jiàn)到大量的英漢次序不一的現(xiàn)象:There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness ; something very precious thathe wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.(他心里涌起一種難言的焦灼,因?yàn)樗瓉?lái)一直想保住的東西現(xiàn)在好象要?dú)缌?。?BR>
另外,英語(yǔ)里的有些形式主語(yǔ)也大都采用了倒裝詞序:2.無(wú)主句:It suddenly dawned on methat this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour , but barely chuggingalong at thirty.(后來(lái),我才突然明白,這次快車(chē)并非以90英里的時(shí)速疾弛而下,而只不過(guò)是以30英里的時(shí)速慢慢向前行駛。)
It is reported that …………
3.在某些表示“融合性”的定語(yǔ)從句中:a.There are many people who want to see the film.(許多人要看這部電影)
b.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. (樓下有人要見(jiàn)你)
4.倒裝句形a.Not a single word have we written down as yet.(否定)
(我們連一個(gè)字都沒(méi)有寫(xiě)。)
b.Little does he realize the danger he is in(否定)
(他一點(diǎn)都沒(méi)有意識(shí)到危險(xiǎn)性。)
IV. 因句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換而造成的詞序不一:Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center.運(yùn)動(dòng)中心也提供冷飲。(狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ))
V.注意下面的一些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu):
中國(guó)自從改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),發(fā)生了很大的變化。
有人竟然翻譯成:1.誤:Since China ‘s policy of reform and opening, China has takenplace a great many changes.
正:A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform andopening to the outside world.
2.輪子是公元前六世紀(jì)發(fā)明的。
600 B.C. saw the invention of wheel.
英漢互譯時(shí)的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換
I.英語(yǔ)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:英漢兩種語(yǔ)言具有不同的辭語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。在漢語(yǔ)里,一個(gè)句子可以有多個(gè)動(dòng)詞并排使用,不管有多少動(dòng)詞,都可以按照先后的順序一個(gè)一個(gè)地排下去;而英語(yǔ)則是一門(mén)靜止的語(yǔ)言,在同等條件下,選擇用名詞的情況居多數(shù),例如:
1.在名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞的句子中:a. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tearson Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her(我星期三發(fā)現(xiàn)媽媽在流眼淚而感到震驚、尷尬,這就表明我對(duì)媽媽所承受的壓力知道的多么少。)
在這個(gè)句子當(dāng)中,shock , embarrassment, index等等都是英語(yǔ)趨向于用名詞而不用動(dòng)詞的最好例子b. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that areout of fashion and they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.(他們一想到在公共場(chǎng)穿不時(shí)髦的衣服,就感到渾身不自在,而一些商店和設(shè)計(jì)師們正是利用了他們的這種弱點(diǎn)。)
c. As a boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality thatwas Einstein. (不論是在兒時(shí)還是長(zhǎng)大以后,我一直都對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦的人格感到很好奇。)
d. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always to into raptures at the meremention of the country. (我的大多數(shù)朋友都住在城里,然而,他們只要一提起鄉(xiāng)村就欣喜若狂。)
e. The availability of information on the INTERNET, for example, widens the possibilitiesof informal education immensely.(比如,由于人們能在INTERNET網(wǎng)上可以得到信息,這就大大擴(kuò)大了獲得非正規(guī)教育的可能性。)
2.在一些特定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:介詞+ 名詞= 副詞a. It is wise of him to deal with the delicateproblem with care and with calmness.(他很明智,在處理這一敏感問(wèn)題時(shí)及盡仔細(xì)和謹(jǐn)慎。)
b. Einstein watched it in delight , trying to deduce the operating principle.(愛(ài)因斯坦很欣喜地看著它,想推斷出其中的操作原理。)
c. The soldier stared in surprise at the old farmer and the girl. (那個(gè)士兵很震驚地看著那個(gè)老農(nóng)夫和女孩。)
d. The old man looked closely at the row of puddings with great interest(老人很感興趣地仔細(xì)打量起一排布丁。)
3.由形容詞變成的名詞:這類詞通常都是表示一類人,如:the poor/ oppressed/ exploited4.在某些詞組中a. a good case in point after a while ,as a result ,at any rate ,break(burst ) into tears ,go into service ,in a sense in addition in exchange for,in otherwords in reality,out of place,run (fly )into rage take account of to certain extent tohis disappointment to one ‘s taste b. To his surprise, Mr. Beck failed to come as expected.(奇怪的是,貝克先生來(lái)晚了。)
c. In all probability , I‘m sure that he’ll come.(我敢肯定,他完全可能來(lái)晚。)
d. He has said in all seriousness that their performance is perfect.(他很正經(jīng)地說(shuō)他們的演出很成功。)
e. I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me.(我看到一個(gè)人穿過(guò)大街,明顯地想跟我交談。)
f. Of course, daydreaming is no substitute for hard work ……
(當(dāng)然,白日夢(mèng)不可能代替艱苦的工作。)
另外,還有一些句子也大量用名詞而不用動(dòng)詞,翻譯時(shí)要特別注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換,如:g. Thatwill help lead you to the attainment of your goals. (那會(huì)有助于你達(dá)到目標(biāo)。)
h. But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development , it mightmake a critical difference. (但是,如果與通常的自我發(fā)展的方法相結(jié)合,他就能產(chǎn)生很大的不同。)
i. He said that this exercise of privilege of high-rank government officials willproduce bad influence on people ‘s mind concerning our Party ’s image . (他說(shuō),政府高級(jí)官員濫用職權(quán),將會(huì)在人們的心目中產(chǎn)生很壞的影響,損壞黨的形象。)
j. Those significant progress had been made in some industries, the general qualityof industrial products leaves much to be desired. (一些工業(yè)取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,但是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品總的質(zhì)量還亟待提高。)
k. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawnare obvious.(如果把男人和女人就流行款式方面作個(gè)比較,結(jié)論就很明顯了。)
l. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on. (根據(jù)這些,他又提出了另外一些問(wèn)題,如此等等。)
6.在一些特定的詞組中或格式中也趨向于用名詞。
a. be of(great )significance/ (little) use /(no) value/ (some) help / (vital)importance(很有意義的)/ 很有用的)/ 很有價(jià)值)/ (很有幫助)/ (很重要)
b. My suggestion/ motion/ recommendation /idea
is that he(should) go there 我建議(想,提議,認(rèn)為,主張)他去。
7.在一些表示結(jié)果的特定詞組中如: be shocked into stillness(驚呆了)
those people who toil to death(累得要命的人)
bore somebody to death(枯燥得要死)
be worried to death.(擔(dān)心得要命)
8.英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,漢語(yǔ)里一個(gè)有主語(yǔ)有謂語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立的分句,譯成英語(yǔ)可能就變成了一個(gè)名詞詞組,這就更說(shuō)明了英語(yǔ)的名詞性特征。
a. The outbreak of the civil war totally damaged his splendid dream of contributingwhat he had for his country.(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)徹底破壞了他那為國(guó)奉獻(xiàn)一切的夢(mèng)想。)
b. The train was delayed by the heavy snowfall. (火車(chē)因?yàn)榉e雪而晚點(diǎn)。)
II. 英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)反過(guò)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的名詞:一些由名詞派生的表示意愿、情緒等的動(dòng)詞,在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)往往還將其返回來(lái)譯成名詞:1. This course is intended to provide aid to thosewomen who , for this reason or that, fail to get the opportunity to receive education.(這門(mén)課的目的就是給那些因?yàn)榉N種原因沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)上學(xué)婦女們提供幫助。)
2.A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like a millionaire , turned out to penniless. (那個(gè)穿著講究,外表和談吐都象百萬(wàn)富翁的人卻身無(wú)分文。)
3. Gordon Allport , an American psychologist , found nearly 18,000 English wordscharacterizing differences in people‘s behavior. (美國(guó)的心理學(xué)家高頓。愛(ài)爾波特發(fā)現(xiàn)有一萬(wàn)個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞可以用來(lái)表達(dá)人們行為的不同特征。)
III.名詞轉(zhuǎn)移成形容詞:1. The speech presented by the visiting scholar left considerableexcitement in his mind(那位到訪學(xué)者的演講著實(shí)讓他感到很激動(dòng)。)
2. The room is small but very cozy and his satisfaction can be read from his face.(這間房間很小但很舒適,從他臉上一眼就可看出他很滿意。)
IV. 其它詞匯的轉(zhuǎn)譯方法:1.介詞譯成動(dòng)詞a. If it‘s academic success you’re after,you can ‘t neglect studying. (如果你追求學(xué)術(shù)上的成功,一定不能忽視了學(xué)習(xí)。)
b. Those who are for the program please raise your hand.(同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人請(qǐng)舉手。)
c. Will those in favor of the proposal come to attend the meeting next Saturday ?
(贊成這項(xiàng)提議的人下星期六來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)好嗎?)
d. It wasn‘t that I was after money. I just wanted to make sure that he was foundguilty again in the civil suit. (并不是因?yàn)槲蚁胍X(qián),我只是想讓他即使是在民事案件方面也被判有罪。)
2.副詞或形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞:a. In an overcrowded country, very few people own enoughto make them financially independent. 在一個(gè)人口過(guò)度稠密的國(guó)家里,很少有人能在財(cái)政上獨(dú)立。)
b. To be economically prosperous, China will apply more flexible policies of openingto the outside. (為了能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)上的繁榮,中國(guó)將實(shí)行更為靈活的開(kāi)放政策。)
c. Aside from offering financial support, work can keep us healthy not only physicallybut also mentally.(工作除了能給我們提供財(cái)政上的支持外,還能夠使我們?cè)谏眢w上和心理上保持健康。)
一些短語(yǔ)中:To be mentally prepared …。,心理上做好準(zhǔn)備To be materially equipped………,物資上作好準(zhǔn)備During the politically eventful late-1960s…。,政治上正置多事之秋的60年代。
關(guān)于加詞、減詞等在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題。
所謂加詞就是根據(jù)原文的思想內(nèi)涵透過(guò)文字表達(dá)上的表面現(xiàn)象,充分照顧到另一種語(yǔ)言的文法特征、描述規(guī)律,在將其翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言時(shí)該加詞的地方加詞,該減詞的地方減詞,千萬(wàn)不可以為了可以追求所謂的“精練、簡(jiǎn)潔”而隨隨便便地減詞;也不可以離開(kāi)原文,憑空膩測(cè),隨隨便便加詞。具體地說(shuō):
加詞:
I.由于詞匯方面的原因而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象:1.加動(dòng)詞由于英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)“靜止”的語(yǔ)言,在所有的詞匯當(dāng)中,用名詞的居多;而相比較而言,漢語(yǔ)則無(wú)此限制,不管有多少動(dòng)詞都可以并排使用。因此,許多英語(yǔ)的名詞翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)都要加上一些動(dòng)詞,否則,意思則很不完整,例如:a. But by 1981 hehad to have further surgery on his hand. And a month later, he suffered as stroke. (到了1981年,他的手不得不又做了一次手術(shù)。一個(gè)月以后,他又中風(fēng)了。)
b. His speech in at the meeting turned out exert an stimulating effect on the mindof the people present that day. (他那天在會(huì)上所做的報(bào)告使所有在場(chǎng)的人深受鼓舞。)
c. He maintain that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improvedperformance.(他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,只有通過(guò)勤奮工作加上不懈的努力才會(huì)取得好的成績(jī)。)
d. The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governmentsat all levels on the alert. (偽劣建筑奪取了很多人的生命,這一點(diǎn)足以使我們的各級(jí)部門(mén)提高警惕。)
e. Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseastourists. (為了一百萬(wàn)的國(guó)內(nèi)外旅客的利益,我們一定為改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量而進(jìn)行努力。)
f. You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.(你不應(yīng)該一吃過(guò)飯,馬上就去游泳,這是很不明智的。)
2.加名詞:在漢語(yǔ)中,及物和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別不是很明顯,有時(shí)所謂及物動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)如果上下文中能夠看的出,往往可以省略不說(shuō);而英語(yǔ)則不然。由于英語(yǔ)對(duì)及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別很明顯,因此翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)則很麻煩。特別是一些不及物動(dòng)詞必須帶上它后面的賓語(yǔ)句子意思才能顯得完整。因此,我們?cè)诜g時(shí)往往就需要增補(bǔ)。
a. Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating ,playing , meetings , classes, etc. (作一個(gè)時(shí)間表,然后,將吃飯、睡覺(jué)、開(kāi)會(huì)、上課等等的時(shí)間填上。)
b. It was two hours before the old couple mustered up enough courage to get up andcalled the police and they explained that they‘d done that after much deliberation.(直到兩個(gè)小時(shí)以后,那對(duì)老夫妻才有勇氣敢從床上爬起來(lái)給警察打電話,并解釋說(shuō)那也是經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)考慮才敢作的。)
c.這見(jiàn)事?lián)f(shuō)是一個(gè)組織嚴(yán)密團(tuán)伙干的。
(The operation is believed to be the work of a well-organized organized group. )
d.我是為友誼和求學(xué)而來(lái)。
(I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning. )
有時(shí)形容詞前面也可以加上名詞:e. His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensiveand , moreover looks very ugly.(他妻子認(rèn)為,這件家具價(jià)格昂貴而且外表難看。)
f. I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation and itconfirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.(然后,我繼續(xù)裝著對(duì)這種事情很內(nèi)行的樣子,結(jié)果更使他們認(rèn)定我是一個(gè)名聲很壞的人。)
有時(shí),一些名詞或者數(shù)量詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后前面也要加詞表示重疊:g. Thousands ofstudents from the city‘s colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting thearrival of their football team. (成千上萬(wàn)的高校學(xué)生一起涌到火車(chē)站歡迎他們的足球隊(duì)凱旋。
h. These she bought the medical supplies with the large sums of money given to herby many friends to help her in the Crimea (她用朋友們給她的一筆筆錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)醫(yī)療設(shè)備。)
i. To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctor who werehelpless before such scene of suffering and misery. (只有這些老醫(yī)生來(lái)照看一群群的傷員,他們?cè)谌绱说耐纯?、悲傷面前,顯得無(wú)可奈何。
3.加代詞:這里的代詞主要是指作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)的代詞,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中的所有及物動(dòng)詞都必須帶有賓語(yǔ),所以漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)也需要增補(bǔ):a. If you like this novel , I can lend it to you.(如果你喜歡這本小說(shuō),我可以借給你。)
b. I think she‘d appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.(我覺(jué)得如果我們能幫她一把,她回很感激的。)
c. Would you please look for the key once more? I remembered clearly putting it inthe drawer last time. (能不能再找一遍鑰匙?我記得上次放在抽屜里了。)
4.加連詞和介詞:漢語(yǔ)可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)連接句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,而英語(yǔ)則靠一些連接詞來(lái)完成:a. If you want to go, I would give you my advice that you take an umbrella.(你要去,我建議你別忘了帶把傘。)
b. Since its opening five years ago , the shop has attracted a lot of customers.(這家商店五年前開(kāi)業(yè)以來(lái),吸引了大批顧客。)
c. Since the beginning of this century, more and more scientists have become interestedin the way the human brain works. (本世紀(jì)以來(lái),越來(lái)越多的科學(xué)家已經(jīng)開(kāi)始對(duì)人腦活動(dòng)的方式感興趣。)
d. His friends asked him to write them as soon as he got there. (他的朋友要他到了那兒就給他們寫(xiě)信。)
e. He went so far as to cheat openly on test. (他居然敢公開(kāi)作弊。)
f. The factory has decided to mass-produce the equipment at a low cost. (這家工廠已經(jīng)決定低成本、大批量的生產(chǎn)這種儀器。)
g. Why was he absent from school yesterday?
(他昨天為什么不上學(xué)?)
h. The older leader gave us the suggestion that we be free from arrogance and rashness.(老領(lǐng)導(dǎo)告戒我們要戒驕戒躁。)
i. This , he said, deprived him of his civil rights , and he asked for $150,000in damages. (他說(shuō),這等于是剝奪了他的公民權(quán)力,因此申請(qǐng)$150,000 的賠償。)
j. His marriage suffered and ended in divorce.(他的婚姻也受到影響,最后還是離了婚。)
k. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute as settled.(幾輪會(huì)談以后,雙方認(rèn)為邊界問(wèn)題可以解決了。)
l. As her year as chief resident drew to a close, Mrs. White decided to specializein children ‘s diseases. (在她作住院總醫(yī)師要結(jié)束時(shí),懷特太太決定專攻病理。)
5.下面的一些句子則是為了修辭目的而加詞:a. He was sentenced as much as six monthsin jail for drunk driving.(他因酗酒駕駛而被判入獄半年。)
b. As many as twenty people were killed in the accident yesterday.(二十個(gè)人在昨天的事故當(dāng)中喪生。)
c. I came here as early as eight o‘clock this morning. (我今天八點(diǎn)鐘就來(lái)了。)
6 . 在某些作定語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞有時(shí)需要加上:a. I‘d like to find someone toplay with (我想找人玩。)
b. Would you please pass me a piece of paper to write on. (你能否遞張紙給我,我想寫(xiě)點(diǎn)東西。)
c. Totally alone in the room, her mother wanted to find someone to talk to (她媽媽覺(jué)得一個(gè)人在房間里太孤單了,想找個(gè)人說(shuō)說(shuō)話。)
7.某些獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中:With a book in his hand , the teacher came into the class. (老師走了進(jìn)來(lái),手里拿本書(shū)。)
8.加副詞a. They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.(他猛地抬頭往天空看,直到火箭發(fā)射的聲音漸漸遠(yuǎn)去。)
b. He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him. (他偷偷地瞥了他一眼。)
9.有時(shí)還要根據(jù)實(shí)際需要,加上一些表示“范疇”的詞,即表示籠統(tǒng)意思的單詞,意見(jiàn)、想法、道理等等。
a. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of firstimportance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in day or swiftlyimprovised by a mere command of the will. (因此,對(duì)社會(huì)活動(dòng)家來(lái)說(shuō),培養(yǎng)業(yè)余愛(ài)好和新的興趣就成為頭等重要的事情了。但這不是一蹴而就的事情,也不能單靠毅力就能臨時(shí)湊成。)
b. A situation in which such a large number of students cheat openly on the exam andescape punishment is very dangerous and cannot last long(如此多的學(xué)生作弊,居然沒(méi)人管,是很危險(xiǎn)的,也不可能持久。)
c. So he began to study the children‘s responses in situation where no milk was provided(所以,他開(kāi)始研究小孩子得不到牛奶時(shí)的反應(yīng)是什么樣的。)
以上的幾句雖然沒(méi)有“局面”、“情況”等詞,但其意思卻已經(jīng)包含在了里面。如果不加上“policy”,“business”,“situation ”等詞,意思就不是很清楚,句子也不通順。
II. 由于漢英結(jié)構(gòu)不同而造成的加詞現(xiàn)象:
1.由上下文的邏輯關(guān)系而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象:句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面:a. In most cases, this actionwill produce results. However , if it does not , there are various means the consumer mayuse to gain satisfaction. (在大多數(shù)情況下,這樣做有一定效果。如果還不行,顧客可以采取許多措施直至滿意為止。)
b. They illustrate, for one thing, the underlying American faith that our futurerests on the way our children turn out, and that a basic way to affect children‘s developmentis through their education. (有一點(diǎn),他們表明了美國(guó)人內(nèi)心深處的一個(gè)信念,那就是,我們的孩子如何成長(zhǎng)將決定我們的未來(lái),而影響他們發(fā)展的一個(gè)基本途徑就是通過(guò)教育。)
c. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. (人類已經(jīng)從動(dòng)物的行為中學(xué)到了很多東西的說(shuō)法并不是什么新鮮事。)
下面的例句都是一些需要加關(guān)系代詞的現(xiàn)象:d. He passed the exam , which can be readfrom his the light on his face. (我從他臉上就可以猜出他已通過(guò)了考試。)
e. He was late on that very morning for the interview , which totally damaged thepossibilities of promotion. (他偏偏在面試的那天早晨遲到,結(jié)果喪失了一次晉升的絕好機(jī)會(huì)。)
f. As is expected , he arrived at the railway station in time. (他果然準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了火車(chē)站)
2.在無(wú)主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主語(yǔ)。
因?yàn)樵谶@些句子中,主語(yǔ)雖然沒(méi)有表示出來(lái),但卻早已隱含在句子里面;加上英語(yǔ)對(duì)句子表面上的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),因此在漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)往往要加上省略的部分(主語(yǔ))意思才能完整,例如:a.進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)必須尊重知識(shí)、尊重人才。
(In our drive for socialist modernization, we must respect knowledge and talentedpeople. )
b.你還是帶把雨傘吧,以防下雨。
(You ‘d better take an umbrella in case it rains. )
c.已經(jīng)快七點(diǎn)種了,他怎么還沒(méi)有到?
( It is nearly seven o ‘clock now , why hasn ’t he arrived yet?)
d.一定不要忘記離家前父母對(duì)你所說(shuō)的話。
(Remember what your said to you before you left home.)
有時(shí),英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞需要加上其邏輯主語(yǔ)才能顯得意思完整:e. His father-in-law doesn‘t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.(他的岳父對(duì)他抽這么多的煙很不以為然。)
3.加賓語(yǔ)她媽媽說(shuō),他們應(yīng)該帶孩子一起去參加馬麗的生日晚會(huì)。
(Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary ‘s birthdayparty.)
4.有時(shí)需要加上語(yǔ)氣詞:There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlandson the Long March , we just slept where we could.(我們長(zhǎng)征時(shí)根本就沒(méi)房子住,隨便找個(gè)地方就睡下了。)
The audience was not interested at all(in any sense) in his long and boring speech.(觀眾對(duì)他那又臭又長(zhǎng)的講話一點(diǎn)都不感興趣。)
減詞:
I.和一些單詞有關(guān)系的減詞法1.省略“范疇”詞:先看下面的例子:a.系里的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)來(lái)找他做說(shuō)服工作。
(The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion)
b.這次考試不及格,使他深切認(rèn)識(shí)到寫(xiě)好作文在學(xué)習(xí)英文中的重要性。
(The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learningEnglish.)
c.這本書(shū)的目的是改進(jìn)學(xué)生們的理解能力。
II. 表示邏輯關(guān)系上的減詞:1.省去句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)只保留關(guān)聯(lián)詞:a. The store manager mayadvise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so , the consumer should do this, statingthe complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.(商店的老板會(huì)建議顧客給制造商寫(xiě)信。要真是這樣的話,顧客應(yīng)該盡量把投訴書(shū)寫(xiě)的禮貌些、措辭更堅(jiān)定一些。)
b. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the experthimself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty. (可是不這樣,有能有什么別的更好的辦法呢?知識(shí)的范圍如此廣袤,一旦越出其專業(yè)范圍,連老師也會(huì)變得一無(wú)所知。)
c. It must be admitted, that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can itsurvive ?
(每個(gè)民族都有它的優(yōu)點(diǎn),不然,怎么可以生存下來(lái)?)
2.省去主語(yǔ):d. When completed , this bridge will be the largest in Asia. (這座橋一旦竣工將是亞洲最大的。)
e. In some organization , important papers , letters, speeches , documents, etc,are kept on file so that they can be easily obtained when needed. (在許多組織里,重要的文件、信函、演講材料、檔案都保存在文件夾里,以便需要時(shí)很容易查到。)
翻譯時(shí)句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換: 英譯漢時(shí),有時(shí)為了通順,往往需要將原文的某一句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯成另一部分進(jìn)行句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換:非主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ):定語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)a. If there should be any last-minute change in the sialing time, we’ll contact you by telephone.開(kāi)船時(shí)間假如臨時(shí)有更改,我們會(huì)用電話通知你。(狀語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ))b. In many countries, free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established, where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs fort their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones. 許多國(guó)家都建立了自由港和保稅區(qū),在那里,外國(guó)商人只要是在本區(qū)內(nèi),未卸船的貨物可以不納稅。 c. The average temperature in summeris as hight as 35C. One can not be pleasant living in that place.夏天的平均溫度高達(dá)攝氏35C,生活在那里不可能舒服。d. A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last year. 外文出版社去年出版了許多新書(shū)。
謂語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)e. When a material is stressed byong the elastic limit a permaent deformation results.當(dāng)一種材料的應(yīng)力超過(guò)彈性極限時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生永久變形。表語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)f. Television is different from radio in that its sends and receives pictures.電視和無(wú)線電的不同點(diǎn)在于電視能收發(fā)圖象。 賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)g. The wise buyer finds ways to make sure that wrong thinking is not allowed to interfere with careful planning in this purchases。 (明智的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者盡量做到購(gòu)買(mǎi)時(shí)不讓錯(cuò)誤的想法干擾。) His father flew into rage with what he had done. (他的所作所為讓他的父親大為光火。)
被動(dòng) 語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般是,主謂語(yǔ)的位子翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)需要顛倒,即原來(lái)的主語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ):h.Drastic action must be taken if they want to reduce traffic accidents and air pollution.(如果他們想減少交通事故和污染,就必須迅速采取措施。)i. I was totally upset by what he did in the exam. (他考試時(shí)的表現(xiàn)確實(shí)讓我很擔(dān)心。)j Asia was passed over by the industrial revolution.(工業(yè)革命沒(méi)有光顧亞洲。)
譯成帶“是”的結(jié)構(gòu):k. We were moved to tears by the fact that he came to the meeting in spite of his illness. (最讓我感激涕零的是,他帶病堅(jiān)持來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。)譯成: “由”“把”,“使”等字引導(dǎo)的句子:l. His mother was dismissed due to the fact that she couldn’t type fast enough. ( 老板把他的媽媽給解雇了,因?yàn)樗蜃植粔蚩臁?m. She was worried ,because her son had written for a long time.( 她兒子很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)給她寫(xiě)信了,這可把她給擔(dān)心壞 了。)n. Wind is caused by air moving between cold and warm region. (風(fēng)是由冷暖地區(qū)流動(dòng)著的空氣引起的。)
非謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ):The new rule is applicable to foreigners.這一項(xiàng)新規(guī)定適用與外國(guó)人。(表語(yǔ)譯為謂語(yǔ))There is a need for improvement in your study habits你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣需要改進(jìn)(主語(yǔ)譯為謂語(yǔ))
非賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ): 主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ)a. After he was elected chairman of the committee, Mr. Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning.(史密斯當(dāng)選以后, 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他一大早就到辦公室工作了。)b. Much progress has been made in computer science in less than a century.c. 不到一個(gè)世紀(jì),計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)取得了很大進(jìn)步。(主語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ))How much risk does internationalizaion contain for national identity?(一個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)在國(guó)際化中會(huì)有喪失自己的危險(xiǎn)嗎?)
主語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)The amounht of energy thus lost can be considerably reduced and the life of the macnine prolonged by careful lubrication. 小心加以潤(rùn)滑能大大地減少這樣所損失的能量并延長(zhǎng)機(jī)器壽命。
狀語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ)Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as too behave elastically in the environmental condition.結(jié)構(gòu)上用的材料必須選擇得使它們?cè)谥車(chē)h(huán)境條件下具有彈性。
非定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ)a. The service university is characterized by several features: the existence of professional schools, short tailor-made course, contracting of services and funding by contracts. (大學(xué)提供服務(wù)的主要特征有以下幾點(diǎn):建立職業(yè)學(xué)校、短期培訓(xùn)學(xué)校以及提供服務(wù)與資助之間的合同簽定等。 )b. The satellite system use this device in varied forms.衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)上的這種裝置有各種不同的形狀。(
賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)c. His speech on the current international economic situation produce the profound influence on research work of that subject. (他的關(guān)于目前國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)形式的講話,對(duì)我們的研究工作產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。
狀語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ)d. In his composition he made few spelling mistakes.他在作文中的拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤很少。
主語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.這一通訊系統(tǒng)的主要特征是容易維修。 非狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)譯為狀語(yǔ)a. Don’t you see it was just in fun ? You got it all wrong.你沒(méi)看出那不過(guò)是開(kāi)開(kāi)玩笑嗎?你完全誤解了。The professor showed her much attention and gave her some private coaching.教授對(duì)她很關(guān)心,給他一些個(gè)別輔導(dǎo)。(定語(yǔ)譯為狀語(yǔ))
主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)b. After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.(在那之后,由于他年輕時(shí)候?qū)W(xué)習(xí)毫不關(guān)心,以及不愿意考慮與運(yùn)動(dòng)無(wú)關(guān)的事情,他終于得到了報(bào)應(yīng)。)
定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)c. We need a dialogue which promotes our mutual responsibility to the international community.
(我們需要對(duì)話來(lái)推進(jìn)我們兩國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際社會(huì)所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。)d. We need a dialogue that prevents any single issue form holdi
一、傳統(tǒng)教材與新教材的關(guān)系從今年始,英漢互譯的自學(xué)考試將由全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)統(tǒng)一組織實(shí)施和管理。這對(duì)統(tǒng)一全國(guó)考生的要求,提高翻譯實(shí)踐能力和水平都是件好事。目前,相關(guān)的統(tǒng)編教材,由莊繹傳所編寫(xiě)的《英漢翻譯教程》已出版發(fā)行。這本教材采用了與傳統(tǒng)教材不一樣的編寫(xiě)思路。不再是以詞、句為單位進(jìn)行翻譯方法,如直譯、意譯等方法及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,增詞、減詞之類的技巧進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),而是直接進(jìn)入篇章,以各種文體的篇章為單位進(jìn)行練習(xí)。這是一種創(chuàng)新,是有助于提高考生實(shí)際翻譯能力的。因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)诜g實(shí)踐中很少情況只是譯詞或譯句,而是篇章的翻譯。所以,這將更接近于我們的工作實(shí)際了。但這也會(huì)為初學(xué)翻譯的學(xué)生帶來(lái)一些不利條件,那就是對(duì)翻譯的基本方法與技巧缺乏認(rèn)識(shí)。所以在新教材的第404 頁(yè)“有關(guān)說(shuō)明與實(shí)施要求”中提到參考書(shū),明確指出由張培基等人編寫(xiě)的《英漢翻譯教程》(上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社)一書(shū),以及呂瑞昌等人編寫(xiě)的《漢英翻譯教程》(陜西人民出版社)一書(shū)仍是重要的參考書(shū),我認(rèn)為作為初學(xué)翻譯的同志這兩本書(shū)是一定要看一看的。當(dāng)然這兩本教材也有其明顯的不足,即僅以詞、句為單位探討翻譯,而沒(méi)有進(jìn)入篇章的層次。我們?nèi)绻褍煞N教材結(jié)合起來(lái),以老教材為輔,以新教材為主,會(huì)有較好的成效。
二、篇章翻譯的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題首先,凡是一個(gè)篇章,就會(huì)遇到文體的問(wèn)題,就是我們必須明確我們所要譯的文章是文學(xué)作品還是科學(xué)、法律方面的文章,是一篇簡(jiǎn)介性的文字還是一篇講演詞。因?yàn)椴煌捏w的文章在表現(xiàn)形式上是很不一樣的,如法律文體有一些法律常用詞語(yǔ),科技也會(huì)各自有一些專門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ),應(yīng)用文有時(shí)有嚴(yán)格的格式要求,文學(xué)則更為復(fù)雜,因?yàn)槠渲袑?duì)話,描述,心理描寫(xiě),景物或人物描寫(xiě)又各有不同。議論文句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)言正式,長(zhǎng)句較多,等等,這在遣詞用句上都有差異。這本教材在P395頁(yè)“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)”都有粗略的說(shuō)明。請(qǐng)學(xué)員認(rèn)真看一下,并可結(jié)合其他有關(guān)參考書(shū)豐富其內(nèi)容,以便有更好的掌握。
其次是語(yǔ)域問(wèn)題。
所謂“語(yǔ)域”(register)是指具有某種具體用途的語(yǔ)言變體,我們可以從交際領(lǐng)域、交際方式和交際關(guān)系把語(yǔ)言分成不同的語(yǔ)域,如從交際雙方的社會(huì)地位和社會(huì)關(guān)系來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)可以分為冷漠體,正式體,商量體,隨便體,親密體等五種,如果從交際領(lǐng)域來(lái)分又可以分成正式體,半正式體,公共核心體,半非正式體,非正式體等。不同的語(yǔ)域語(yǔ)言變體彼此是有區(qū)別的,如果用幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明一下就會(huì)看得很清楚。如“湯姆病了,今天沒(méi)去上學(xué)”,如果說(shuō)Tom didn't go to school ,becausehe was ill. 這就是一句公共核心語(yǔ),而如果說(shuō)Tom was ill ,so he didn't go to school.這就是口語(yǔ)體,即非正式語(yǔ)體,如果說(shuō):Being ill ,Tom didn't go to school 或Tom didn't go to schoolbecause of illness. 都是正式語(yǔ)體(當(dāng)然這句話的內(nèi)容用這種句式表達(dá)并不合適)。從中我們可以看到用原因從句的表達(dá)方式是比較正常的,用so連接的句子顯得不怎么正式,用抽象名詞和分詞短語(yǔ)的形式都顯得十分正式。另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有語(yǔ)域方面的區(qū)別。如according to和inaccord ance with,前者為公共核心語(yǔ),而后者為正式用語(yǔ),It is important 和It is of importance相比,也是前者為公共核心語(yǔ),而后者為正式體。甚至連冠詞的用法都可以表示這種區(qū)別,The horseis a useful animal;A horse is a useful aninal;Horses are useful animals.第一種用定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的是正式用法,而用不定冠詞加單數(shù)名詞表示類屬的則為公共核心語(yǔ),最后一種,復(fù)數(shù)泛指的類屬表示法則為非正式語(yǔ)體。所以,我們?cè)诮佑|一個(gè)篇章時(shí),弄清它的語(yǔ)域情況是十分重要的。因?yàn)檫@將決定我們?cè)诜g時(shí)如何選詞組句,例如,我們看到下面一個(gè)句子:After an hour of climbing,we finally found ourselue's at zhurong Peak,the very apex of Mt ,Hengshan,towering 1,296m above the sea level.我們可以從after ……climbing這種動(dòng)名詞用法看出比較正式,它不是用短句表示(After we had climbed for an hour),如用短句則顯得更為常見(jiàn)的公共核心語(yǔ)體,另外,apex,頂峰,巔峰,與之同義的詞還有summit,top 等詞,但apex更為典雅,正式程度高于summit,更高于top.再有towering這一分詞的使用,也說(shuō)明其正式性,不是用短句(it towers 1 ,296m above sealevel )。那么,我們?cè)诜g這句時(shí)則用比較正式的語(yǔ)言,如可譯為:“一小時(shí)后,我們終于登上高達(dá)海拔1296公尺的衡山之巔祝融峰?!倍蛔g作:“我們爬了一個(gè)鐘頭,終于到了祝融峰的山頂,它是衡山的最高峰,有1296公尺”。
一般情況,法律、科技、報(bào)道,講演詞,政論文等都比較正式,而小說(shuō)中文體,語(yǔ)域最復(fù)雜,要視情況而定,不可一概而論。關(guān)于這方面的更多內(nèi)容可以參閱一些關(guān)于文體學(xué),語(yǔ)義學(xué)等方面的書(shū)。
最后,談一下語(yǔ)篇的銜接和連貫問(wèn)題。信息的傳遞一般都遵循由已知信息引導(dǎo)出未知信息的,表示已知信息(舊信息)的部分叫主位,(theme )表示未知信息的部分叫述位,(rheme )而主述位的不斷推進(jìn)是有一定規(guī)律的,如果破壞了這種規(guī)律,語(yǔ)言就不那么順,也就是破壞了銜接與連貫。例如:At noon ,we picnicked in a dense forest,through which ran a murmuring creek.The waterwas so clear that we could see reflections of bamboos and trees and soft lazy clouds driftingacross the sky. 我們可以看出原文從時(shí)間(中午)引導(dǎo)出一系列新的信息,其中上文提到的那一天,在此說(shuō)“中午”這一時(shí)間時(shí)可視為已知信息。在新信息中提到了密林中的野炊,林中有小溪,而第二句話用“溪水”來(lái)引導(dǎo),因第一句中提到小溪,故在第二句中“溪水”當(dāng)然已成已知信息了,它又引出一系列新的信息。所以,我們?cè)诜g時(shí)也應(yīng)如此??勺g為:“正午時(shí)分,我們野宴于密林深處,林中小溪潺潺流過(guò),溪水清冽,岸邊竹樹(shù),天上閑云,盡映水底。”這種譯文就意思上連貫,讀起來(lái)順暢。如果破壞了這種規(guī)律,情況就不同了。例如:We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We havecome to dedicate a portion of the fied,as a final resting place for those who here gave theirlives that that nation might live.It is a Hogether fitting and proper that we should do this.原文中均以we(我們)作為已知信息,引導(dǎo)出不同的新的信息。所以,我們?cè)谧g時(shí)不應(yīng)破壞它。而有的譯文則沒(méi)有遵守,譯為:我們?cè)谶@場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的一個(gè)偉大戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上集會(huì)。烈士們?yōu)槭惯@個(gè)國(guó)家能夠生存下去而獻(xiàn)出了自己的生命,我們?cè)诖思瘯?huì)是為了把這個(gè)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的一部分奉獻(xiàn)給他們作為最后安息之所。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)該而且非常恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR>
這樣讀起來(lái)就不順,因?yàn)檫@段都是在講“我們”應(yīng)如何,如何,中間突然插進(jìn)一個(gè)“烈士們”,有些突兀,故應(yīng)改為:我們?cè)谶@場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的一個(gè)偉大戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上集會(huì),是為了把戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的一角奉獻(xiàn)給那些為捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家生存而在這里英勇獻(xiàn)身的烈士,作為他們的永久安息之地。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)?,是義不容辭的。
這樣才合乎信息傳遞的習(xí)慣。由于這方面的問(wèn)題還有很多,所采取的模式也有好幾種,不能一一列舉,如果有的人感興趣,可以看一看有關(guān)篇章語(yǔ)言學(xué)和有關(guān)語(yǔ)篇銜接與連貫方面的語(yǔ)言學(xué)書(shū)籍。
鑒于《英漢翻譯教程》一書(shū)有關(guān)這方面的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有提及,而我又認(rèn)為以上幾點(diǎn)很重要,故此多說(shuō)了幾句。當(dāng)然,有關(guān)篇章的翻譯問(wèn)題還有一些,如作品或作者的風(fēng)格問(wèn)題,但這些問(wèn)題較為復(fù)雜,也不對(duì)本科自考生做過(guò)高要求,就不贅述了。
三、關(guān)于漢譯英中的對(duì)原文理解問(wèn)題新教材的特點(diǎn)是把英譯漢與漢譯英綜合在一張?jiān)嚲砩峡迹珜?duì)英澤漢要求比漢譯英要求高一些。這是可以理解的。但對(duì)于漢譯英問(wèn)題,《教程》指出“漢譯英時(shí),原文是漢語(yǔ),理解一般不構(gòu)成很大問(wèn)題。”這是很容易產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)的。其實(shí),我們說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)容易理解是指交際中的理解,它與翻譯中的理解很不相同,翻譯中的理解要深得多,透得多才行,否則極易譯錯(cuò)。所以,我想提醒考生在漢譯英時(shí),對(duì)漢語(yǔ)原文一定要仔細(xì)思考才行,不可以以為一望便知,動(dòng)手便譯。如我們舉一個(gè)小例子,來(lái)看一看漢譯英時(shí)理解的困難。
例如,我國(guó)一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在談到對(duì)臺(tái)政策時(shí),曾說(shuō)過(guò)一句話:“大陸和中國(guó)臺(tái)灣統(tǒng)一后,大陸不派人去,軍隊(duì)不去,行政人員也不去,中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的黨、政、軍都由中國(guó)臺(tái)灣自己管起來(lái)。”這句話一聽(tīng)似乎就懂,但一旦動(dòng)筆來(lái)譯,情況就不同了,其中“不派人去”的“人”該怎么譯?總不能譯為people或persons 吧!那又是什么呢?這時(shí)必須認(rèn)真思考,參照上下文,根據(jù)講話人的身份(是黨的領(lǐng)袖人物),下文中“黨、政、軍”與上文中的“軍隊(duì)不去,行政人員也不去”相對(duì)照,可以斷定“人”應(yīng)是指“黨方面的代表性人物”,故可譯為representatines of the Communist Party. 再如在全國(guó)英語(yǔ)(專業(yè))八級(jí)考試中有一處寫(xiě)徐霞客的文章,說(shuō):“他常選擇不同的時(shí)間和季節(jié)多次重游各地名山,反復(fù)觀察變換的奇景”。初學(xué)者往往字對(duì)字的翻譯。如“挑選”譯為choose,或select,“時(shí)間”譯為time. 實(shí)際上,這種情況,“挑選”可不譯為動(dòng)詞,而“時(shí)間”根據(jù)上下文則為“一日中的不同時(shí)刻”。所以這句話應(yīng)譯為He visitedand revisited the famous mountains all over the country in different hours of a day and differentseasons of a year to observe the ever -changing scenes.另外,選擇譯詞時(shí)一定要吃透原文的上下文,不急于立即確定譯詞。例如,下面一句:三年前,他因參與了盜竊團(tuán)伙而被判刑三年,在勞改農(nóng)場(chǎng),因表現(xiàn)突出被提前一年釋放。
我們的學(xué)生一看到“被判刑三年”馬上就選擇了be sentenced to 3 years' imprisonment.這類短語(yǔ),而不注意下文的“在勞改農(nóng)場(chǎng)”。實(shí)際上這句話已告訴你他判的“刑”不是“坐牢”(imprisonment)而是“勞改”,(reform through labour )。另外,句中“在勞改農(nóng)場(chǎng)”一語(yǔ)也會(huì)被初學(xué)者直接譯為on the reform farm,而實(shí)際上,根據(jù)上下文來(lái)看,這一段(包括這句話的更大的上下文)都是以“時(shí)間”為主線的,所以這個(gè)短語(yǔ)也應(yīng)從時(shí)間著眼來(lái)考慮,應(yīng)譯為when the worked on the reform farm.這樣體現(xiàn)的是他在農(nóng)場(chǎng)的那段時(shí)間,而非地點(diǎn)。故此這句話應(yīng)譯為:Three years ago ,he was arrestedand sentenced to three years' reform through labour.When he worked on the reform farm ,hebe haved himself so well that he got released one year earlier. 值得一提的是,我們?cè)赽e sentencedto前又加了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,be arrested ,這是因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中直接說(shuō)be sentenced to 令人感到太突兀。在英語(yǔ)中這個(gè)詞前常加上一個(gè)詞,如be tried and sentenced to ……等。當(dāng)然,這方面對(duì)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)就較難一些了,暫不作要求。但卻可以讓同學(xué)們留心觀察一些英語(yǔ)詞匯的用法特點(diǎn)。
實(shí)際上,中國(guó)學(xué)生在進(jìn)行翻譯實(shí)踐時(shí),理解問(wèn)題出得多的并不是英譯漢,而恰恰是漢譯英。當(dāng)然,漢譯英的表達(dá)就更有難度了。因篇幅所限不再多說(shuō)。
四、如何使用新教程,并抓住難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)看慣傳統(tǒng)翻譯教材的學(xué)生看不慣這本教程,就是沒(méi)接觸過(guò)翻譯教材的學(xué)生也不知該怎樣使用新教材,更談不上該怎樣把握其難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)了。
下面根據(jù)我個(gè)人的看法,談一談該如何使用新教材和如何把握難點(diǎn)以及重點(diǎn)。
1 、翻譯課不同于其他一些課程,它不僅是一些知識(shí),更在于能力的培養(yǎng)上。這就是翻譯的實(shí)踐性。這就要求學(xué)習(xí)者一定親自動(dòng)手。這本書(shū)共分十個(gè)單元,有三十個(gè)課文,其中英譯漢占三分之二(計(jì)20篇),漢譯英占三分之一(計(jì)10篇),此外還有一些供練習(xí)的原文,沒(méi)有附參考譯文、而前面的三十篇雙語(yǔ)閱讀則附有參考譯文。學(xué)習(xí)者可以根據(jù)文后提示,即介紹某文體特點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯練習(xí),但先不去參考所提供的譯文,待自己譯好后再去對(duì)照,這樣極易找出自己譯文的差距與不足。然后思考一下為什么自己的譯文不好,問(wèn)題存在在哪兒?這樣經(jīng)過(guò)一段學(xué)習(xí)、實(shí)踐能會(huì)有較大提高,對(duì)自己存在的問(wèn)題會(huì)更清楚。對(duì)沒(méi)有附譯文的短文翻譯練習(xí)也要做,如不知自己做得如何,可以通過(guò)社會(huì)助學(xué),請(qǐng)教老師,或與別人共同商討等方法來(lái)解決。因?yàn)榭荚嚨亩涛暮芸赡軓臅?shū)外或這部分中選題。
2 、認(rèn)真研究“提示”和“解說(shuō)”及“小結(jié)”的內(nèi)容。應(yīng)一句一句地仔細(xì)琢摸,一個(gè)詞一個(gè)詞地思考,我們細(xì)心的學(xué)生會(huì)注意到,考試題是以句子為主的,而大部分要從書(shū)上選擇句子,而這部分又恰是翻譯的難點(diǎn),是極易成為考試的具體內(nèi)容的。當(dāng)然,我們并不是為了應(yīng)付考試才關(guān)注這些內(nèi)容的,主要是因?yàn)樗鼈円彩欠g實(shí)踐中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的地方。
3 、關(guān)于翻譯理論和語(yǔ)言對(duì)比。
該書(shū)“關(guān)于命題考試的若干規(guī)定”中說(shuō)得十分清楚。即“關(guān)于英漢語(yǔ)對(duì)比和翻譯理論的考題不超出《英漢翻譯教程》的范圍?!币簿驼f(shuō),只要認(rèn)真把書(shū)中這部分的內(nèi)容好好地看一看,這項(xiàng)分?jǐn)?shù)就是十拿九穩(wěn)的。但這部分內(nèi)容也較雜亂,看書(shū)應(yīng)細(xì),可以按教材P401頁(yè)的順序去復(fù)習(xí)。如果介紹的內(nèi)容是英語(yǔ)原文的節(jié)選,則一定首先把其意義理解。
4 、認(rèn)真研究每單元的考核要求在教材的P395頁(yè)的“課程內(nèi)容與考核目標(biāo)”中,作者已將每單元的考核要求明確列出,所以,我們?cè)谧龇g實(shí)踐練習(xí)時(shí),先應(yīng)看一看這里的內(nèi)容,弄清重點(diǎn)和要點(diǎn)。做到練習(xí)時(shí)更具針對(duì)性。也對(duì)應(yīng)試有好處。
但這里所提示的一些要求有時(shí)失之過(guò)簡(jiǎn),學(xué)員可以再找一些其他相關(guān)參考書(shū),補(bǔ)充和系統(tǒng)某項(xiàng)知識(shí)。例如,第四單元中考核要求中提到“數(shù)字的譯法”一項(xiàng),可教程中所提供的內(nèi)容并不全面,也不夠系統(tǒng),這時(shí),你可以找一些相關(guān)的書(shū)來(lái)補(bǔ)充它,完善它,使自己在這一方面會(huì)有更大的收獲。
如,數(shù)字大小的表示法,數(shù)的增減以及倍數(shù)表示法,分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法等,都應(yīng)一并掌握,最好作出筆記,以備復(fù)習(xí)。尤其應(yīng)注意一些特殊的表示法,例如英語(yǔ)中常用“減少(縮?。丁钡挠梅?,而漢語(yǔ)卻沒(méi)有,這時(shí)應(yīng)用漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表示法表示。如:Switching time of the new type transistoris shortened 3 times. 如果譯為:“新型晶體管的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了三倍。”這是不合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)的“倍”只用于“增加”“增長(zhǎng)”之類,這時(shí)應(yīng)改為:新型晶體管的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了三分之二,或“……縮短到三分之一?!?BR>
類似這些英漢語(yǔ)差異性較大的地方也往往是重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
總之,英漢與漢英翻譯是一種綜合能力的檢驗(yàn),絕不是讀一本翻譯教程書(shū)就可以有多大提高的,每個(gè)人都應(yīng)從其他各門(mén)學(xué)科,包括英語(yǔ)的各門(mén)課程中去吸取知識(shí),提高能力,提高各方面的文化素質(zhì),才能以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變,立于不敗之地。
定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句是由一些關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句組成,用來(lái)修飾名詞中心詞。
Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around the worldto produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we canexpect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.皮而森匯集了……生產(chǎn)出獨(dú)特的千年歷,這種千年歷(它)能夠……
定語(yǔ)的翻譯要特別注意位子上的變化,即:如果是單詞修飾名詞就放在中心詞的前面,這和漢語(yǔ)的詞序是一樣的;如果定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),定語(yǔ)就要放在中心詞的后面,這時(shí)就要注意斷句,重復(fù)先行詞,例如:1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在學(xué)英語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題上,我和你有同樣的問(wèn)題。
2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不錯(cuò)。
3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 這的確是一個(gè)非常棘手的問(wèn)題。
4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 別的知道這個(gè)秘密的人就是他的父母。
5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students whoadvise the academic authorities 有效的維持紀(jì)律通常是由一些學(xué)生來(lái)做的,而這些學(xué)生則負(fù)責(zé)給學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)提建議。
6.The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing during the lastIce Age which began about 35,00 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.作出這些刻記的游牧人,依靠狩獵和捕魚(yú)生活在冰河時(shí)代的晚期。這段時(shí)期大約始于公元前35,000 年而結(jié)束于公元前10,000 年。
7. For several hundred years, cases have been reported of children who have beenreared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.在過(guò)去的幾百年中,已經(jīng)有記載說(shuō),確實(shí)有被動(dòng)物養(yǎng)大的與世隔絕的狼孩的存在。
另外,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)還要注意未省略關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的定語(yǔ)從句,翻譯時(shí)所遵守的原則和上述的一樣:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:8.He is the very person (whom) I‘m looking for.他正是我要找的人。
9.This is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently. 這就是我們政府一直追求的靈活政策。
10.Those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receivescholarship.那些家里提供不起食宿的學(xué)生可以得到獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。
11.There are forms that occasionally occur which should not be taught to students.有些形式是不能告訴給學(xué)生的。
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:12.I took Mr. John to the village , where I had spent mycarefree childhood. 我把約翰先生帶到我度過(guò)無(wú)憂無(wú)慮童年的鄉(xiāng)村。
13.I still remember the time when we studied in the same university.我還記得我們一起上大學(xué)的日子。
具體翻譯來(lái)說(shuō),定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯可分為限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)不論是在語(yǔ)序方面還是重復(fù)先行詞方面都有一定的講究:
限制性定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯可分為以下幾方面:1.前置:這種定語(yǔ)從句一般比較短,翻譯起來(lái)比較方便,和漢語(yǔ)的詞序完全一樣,例如:a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen thismonth.這是這個(gè)月我所看到的最好的天氣。
b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我們兩國(guó)是友誼長(zhǎng)存的友好鄰邦。
c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.老師通常喜歡考試中成績(jī)好的學(xué)生。
d.他不是一個(gè)輕易服輸?shù)娜薍e is not the one who will give up easily.
以上的這些例子告訴我們,如果定語(yǔ)很短的話,我們可以把他象漢語(yǔ)一樣放在中心詞的前面。但是,有的時(shí)候,如果定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),讀起來(lái)就不符和漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,因此,往往要后置,重復(fù)先行詞,這就是下面要提到的定語(yǔ)從句的“后置”問(wèn)題,例如:
2.后置:a. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only aftertheir death.吝嗇鬼經(jīng)常是看起來(lái)年很孤單、不為人所主意,可他們的財(cái)富只有等到他們死了以后才暴露出來(lái)。
3.“綜合性”的翻譯法。
綜合性“的翻譯就是,翻譯時(shí)不需要關(guān)系詞,其中的關(guān)系完全靠上下文的意思來(lái)表現(xiàn)出來(lái),例如:a.This is the place where the accident occurred.這就是發(fā)生交通事故的地方。
b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的鄰居把信交給了他。
c. There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.村子前面有棵大象樹(shù)d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly,honestly, and frankly about their trouble. 大多數(shù)病人想找人坦率、誠(chéng)實(shí)地傾訴他們的苦衷。
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:這里,也可以分為以下幾種:1.前置:a. We need a chairman , in whomeveryone has confidence 我們需要一個(gè)人人都信賴的主席。
b.The worldly well-known actor, who had been ill for two years , meet thunderstormapplause when reappeared on the stage.那個(gè)病了很多年的著名演員,一上臺(tái)觀眾就報(bào)以雷鳴般的掌聲。
c. Piccaso, whose works inspired many artists, lived until he was a ripe old age.畢加索的作品曾鼓勵(lì)了很多人,后來(lái)年紀(jì)很大時(shí),作品也日趨成熟。
2.后置:這里包括:重復(fù)先行詞,譯成并列分句。這是比較常見(jiàn)的翻譯方法:
a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank , by which means he hopes to dealwith any potential emergency easily.我們每個(gè)月都在銀行里存一些錢(qián),這樣,碰到有任何危機(jī)時(shí),我們就可以應(yīng)付了。
b. A table has four legs, one of which is broken.桌子有四條腿,其中的一條腿是壞的。
c. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems , of which obtainingwater is not the least. 生活在澳大利亞中部有很多問(wèn)題,其中取水還不算最艱苦的。
d.He decided to resign, which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances.他決定辭職,而這是他目前所能做的最好的事。
e.He is late for class today, as is often the case.他今天遲到了,而這是經(jīng)常的事。
以上的句子在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后,要重復(fù)先行詞。其中的“which ”可以是指前面的整個(gè)句子,也可以單指某個(gè)先行詞。
3.省略先行詞這種句行就象前面講的“綜和性”翻譯一樣,直接把整個(gè)句子的意思講出來(lái),例如:a.The two universities signed an agreement, under which they would exchange studentsand scholars. 這兩個(gè)大學(xué),簽定了協(xié)議,決定交換學(xué)生和學(xué)者。
b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse , whose face turned pale fortoo much loss of blood. 他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)士兵走進(jìn)農(nóng)舍,臉色因失血過(guò)多而蒼白。
c. He passed the exam , which can be read from his the light on his face.我從他臉上就可以看出他已通過(guò)了考試。
d. He arrived at the railway station in time, which is expected .他果然準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了火車(chē)站。
4.譯成狀語(yǔ)從句有些作定語(yǔ)的句子聽(tīng)起來(lái)卻有點(diǎn)象狀語(yǔ)從句,因此翻譯時(shí)可以將其譯成狀語(yǔ)似的從句:a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well, which is veryvaluable. (原因)
你應(yīng)該利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)好好學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),這太重要了。
b.We examine the quality of our products, which is why they are so reliable. (原因)
我們檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品很仔細(xì),因此產(chǎn)品都很可靠。
c.I never believe the stories , which is appealing.(讓步)
我從不相信他所說(shuō)的故事,即使它很動(dòng)聽(tīng)。
5.“as”引導(dǎo)的句子:除了以上這些例子以外,還有一些特殊的由“as”引導(dǎo)的句子,翻譯時(shí)可參考“as”的比較結(jié)構(gòu)從句:a. He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。
b. They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of. 這些問(wèn)題可不是那么容易就能處理好的。
c. It wasn‘t such a good dinner as she had promised us.這頓飯可沒(méi)有她向我們說(shuō)的那么好。
直譯與意譯
直譯是基礎(chǔ),意譯是補(bǔ)充能直譯就盡量直譯,不能直譯就采取意譯
1. Their accent couldn‘t fool a native speaker. A. 他們的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不會(huì)聽(tīng)不出他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。
C.本地人一聽(tīng)他們的口音便知道他們是外鄉(xiāng)人的。
2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful , nor is it a wayto make social problems evaporate.意譯:砸鏡子并不能解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題。
直譯:砸鏡子并不能使丑八怪變漂亮,也不能使社會(huì)問(wèn)題煙消云散。
3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直譯:他感到一陣恐懼涌上胃口意譯:他感到一陣恐懼涌上心頭
4. He bent solely upon profit. A. 他只屈身與利潤(rùn)之前B.只有利潤(rùn)才使他低頭。
C.他惟利是圖
5. Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are decantedin Munich ?
A.當(dāng)我們?cè)谀侥岷诒或v出車(chē)廂之前有任何在火車(chē)上吃早飯的可能性嗎?
B.我們?cè)谀侥岷诒或v出車(chē)廂之前,有可能在火車(chē)上吃早飯嗎?
6. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)和當(dāng)選芝加哥市長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)差不多B.他找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)直跟當(dāng)選芝加哥市長(zhǎng)同樣困難。
C.他找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)直微乎其微。
正說(shuō)與反說(shuō)
1.The administration was free corruption. 這屆政府沒(méi)有腐敗現(xiàn)象
2. Wet paint. 油漆未干
3.I remained confused about the problem.這個(gè)問(wèn)題我還是不懂
4. They are dependent on each other.他們誰(shuí)也離不開(kāi)誰(shuí)
5. He is far from what I expected.他遠(yuǎn)不是我想象的那樣。
6. let bygones be bygones.既往不咎
7. As was expected, he passed the exam easily. 果不出所料,他輕而易舉地通過(guò)了考試
8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我們決不辜負(fù)黨對(duì)我們的期望。
9. I hate the lack of privacy in the dorrnitory.我討厭宿舍里沒(méi)有獨(dú)處的機(jī)會(huì)。
10. You evidently think otherwise.你顯然有不同的看法
11. He will die of hunger before he will steal. 他寧愿餓死,也不愿去偷。
12. That little bridge is anything but safe.那座橋一點(diǎn)也不安全。
13. So far from taking my advice, he went and did just what I warned in ~ainit.他不但不聽(tīng)我的勸告,反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。
14. He was more frightened than hurt. 他沒(méi)有受什么傷,倒是受驚不小
正說(shuō)
15. Don't unstring your shoes.把鞋帶系上
16. Ml the teachers , without exception are to attend the meet Sunday. 所有的老師都要參加星期五的會(huì)議。
17. She carne into the room without shoes on. 她光腳走進(jìn)了房間。
18. The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.醫(yī)生立即把病人送往醫(yī)院。
19. I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你會(huì)成功。
20. It's no distance at all to the school , only a short walk. 從這到學(xué)校很近,只需要很短一段路。
正、反說(shuō)分析
21.If he had kept his temper, the negotiations would probably have been a success.如果他克制脾氣,談判可能早就成功了。
22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will notbe welcome. 有些人不愿意表達(dá)他們的感激之情,因?yàn)橛X(jué)得著有可能不受歡迎。
23. If you forward the transcripts yourself , they can be considered official onlyif the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果證件由申請(qǐng)人本人遞交,則本人不得擅自啟封,否則證件將被視為無(wú)效。
24. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我們對(duì)生活要永遠(yuǎn)抱樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度。
25. We strongly disapprove of the company' s new policy.我們強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)公司的策。
拆句單詞拆譯26.Incidentally , I suggest that you have the telephone moved to thesitting-room. 順便說(shuō)一句,我建議你把電話移至起居室。
27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有個(gè)習(xí)慣叫人受不了,意思反復(fù)不定,一會(huì)一個(gè)主張。
短語(yǔ)拆譯28. Throughout his life , Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learningfrom human contacts as well as from books.本杰明。富蘭克林整個(gè)一生都在受教育,他不僅從書(shū)本中學(xué)習(xí),而且也從與人交往中學(xué)習(xí)。
29. Energy can neither he created nor destroyed , a universally accepted law.能量即不能創(chuàng)造也不能消滅,這是一條公認(rèn)的規(guī)律。
30. The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone. 會(huì)議結(jié)束,人人表示彼此將友好相處。
31. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因?yàn)樗麤](méi)能遵守安全規(guī)則,機(jī)器出了故障。
32. His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds. 他的肺部很弱,冬天容易感冒。
33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide , then narowed in in-dignation.他搖了搖頭,兩眼睜的圓圓的,接著有瞇成一條線,臉上露出了憤怒的神情。
句子拆譯這里主要指英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句,尤其是長(zhǎng)句的拆譯。
34. He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信,對(duì)我表示歡迎,那信寫(xiě)的熱情洋溢,一如其人。
35. While I was waiting to enter university , I saw advertised in a local newspapera teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. 當(dāng)我等著進(jìn)大學(xué)期間,我在一份地方報(bào)紙上看到一則廣告,說(shuō)是在離我住處大約10英里的倫敦某郊區(qū),有所學(xué)校要招聘一名教師。
順序法
36. Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false. 你認(rèn)為我會(huì)和你同住一套公寓,那就錯(cuò)了 .
37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally en-gaged, biochemicalchanges occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (認(rèn)知的) areassuch as attention and memory. 研究人員證實(shí):人們?cè)趧?dòng)腦筋時(shí),頭腦會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多的變化,使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域中更有效地活動(dòng)
38. During the ice ages , human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of thetime would often make their homes in caves. 在冰河時(shí)代,人們面臨當(dāng)時(shí)較為寒冷的氣溫,常常在洞穴里安家。
逆序法
39. It was extended and preserved in the 19th century , when our nation spread acrossthe continent , saved the union, and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世紀(jì),我們的國(guó)家橫跨大陸,拯救了聯(lián)邦,廢除了恐怖的奴隸制的蹂躪,這一信念才得以流傳可擴(kuò)展。
40.By January 16, just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitlerhad staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition , the German forces were backto line from which they had set out.到1 月16日,德軍又回到了他們當(dāng)初出擊的戰(zhàn)線,這恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、彈藥儲(chǔ)備孤注一擲、發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻的一個(gè)月之后。
41. Five score years ago, a great American , in whose symbolic shadow we stand by,signed the Emancipation Proclamation. 100 年前,一位偉人簽署了《奴隸解放宣言》,今天,我們正是站在這位偉人富有象征意義的雕象下集會(huì)。
變序法(綜合法)
42. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
我有個(gè)問(wèn)題弄不懂,想請(qǐng)教你,你能回答嗎?
43. He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that hadthe same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance. 藥名混亂,有的由于不同藥物同一名稱所引起,而有的則由于同一藥物不同名稱所造成,他對(duì)此一一作了澄清。
44. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in criticalred ink , the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two thingswhich have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.一位老師這樣寫(xiě)到:如果我們能從學(xué)生作文中找出一兩處比上次做的更好的地方,并提出表?yè)P(yáng)性評(píng)語(yǔ),而不是用紅墨水把學(xué)生的作文批改的一塌糊涂,我們就能從中的更富有建設(shè)性的結(jié)果。
45. Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcendsthe virtue of uttering the truth for truth'5 sake , and that is as far as possible do noharm. 我們的職業(yè)傳統(tǒng)上格守一個(gè)信條,那就是盡可能的不造成傷害,這一信條勝過(guò)為講真話而講真話的美德。
46. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday electionresults that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority in the House.在一次記者招待會(huì)上,問(wèn)題集中于昨天的選舉結(jié)果,總統(tǒng)就此發(fā)了言。他說(shuō)他無(wú)法解釋為何共和黨遭到如此大的失敗。這種情況最終使共和黨在眾議院中失去了長(zhǎng)期享有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
為何要拆句?
47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in mankind.文獻(xiàn)讓我們了解到,恐懼癥在人類中具有漫長(zhǎng)的歷史。
48.What is good , I suppose, is that many people a"e concerned about TV' s influenceand that we have the power to change what we don' t like. 我看,好在有許多人關(guān)心電視的影響,而我們也有能力改變我們所不喜歡的東西。
英漢互譯時(shí)的詞序問(wèn)題I.兩種語(yǔ)言的總體比較:一方面,英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都是按照事物發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律進(jìn)行的,因而有其共同點(diǎn),例如:In order to communicate thoughts and feelings , peopleinvented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and thereceiver. (為了更好的交流思想和感情,人們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出了通常用的標(biāo)記和符號(hào)系統(tǒng),而這標(biāo)記和符號(hào)交流雙方都能看的懂。)
以上的幾個(gè)例句在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言里的詞序都是一樣的;而除此以外,還存在著很多不同點(diǎn)。另一方面,兩種語(yǔ)言又有許多不同點(diǎn)。下面就英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較:漢語(yǔ)比較注重事物發(fā)展的客觀順序,先發(fā)生什么,后發(fā)生什么,結(jié)果怎樣,最后才加上作者的評(píng)論和觀點(diǎn),不管有多少動(dòng)詞都可以并列、排比使用,不會(huì)出現(xiàn)詞法、句法等的沖突 .主題顯著,突出主題,而非單單的一個(gè)主語(yǔ),注重句子的“意和”,這就要求我們透過(guò)句子的表層結(jié)構(gòu),深入到句子的內(nèi)涵,先抓“整體”印象,充分理解過(guò)以后再把原文的意思形象翻譯出來(lái)。
而英語(yǔ)則不然,英語(yǔ)突出主語(yǔ),往往是評(píng)論、觀點(diǎn)在前,敘述、原因在后;表面形式上追求句子的“形和”,對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),特別強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡,往往借助于句法、詞法(如主從句、分詞、不定式等手段)來(lái)維持句子表面上的平衡、完整性,極力避免句子的“頭重腳輕”(因此,也就出現(xiàn)了許多“it is said that …”等等無(wú)主句)。所以,英文則是把作者的觀點(diǎn)、主張放在前面,以后再跟著原因、結(jié)果和目的等等從句。這些現(xiàn)象在新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)里尤其明顯,難怪有人說(shuō),“漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一根竹子,一節(jié)一節(jié)地連下去,而英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好比一竄葡萄,主桿可能很短,累累的果實(shí)附著在上面?!本唧w情況如下:
II. 英漢互譯時(shí)的時(shí)間順序?qū)Ρ龋?.The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing.Thisis, perhaps, a pity ,because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existedwhen shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally. 舊時(shí)的百貨店很快就消失了。過(guò)去,店主私下里都認(rèn)識(shí)他的老主顧們,而在今天這種事情再也不復(fù)存在了,這實(shí)在是太可惜了。
2.American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson ……
托馬斯。杰弗遜為美國(guó)的教育作出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。
下面的句子屬倒裝句型,是典型的英漢在翻譯時(shí)的順序差異:
1.Under the dust was a color map of Paris.(巴黎地圖上布滿了灰塵。)
2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday. (卡片上“生日快樂(lè)”字樣的下面寫(xiě)著一條消息。)
正是由于以上的原因,才會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩種語(yǔ)言在思維習(xí)慣、邏輯推理上的不同:
III.英漢互譯時(shí)邏輯思維順序上的差異:如上所述,如果一個(gè)句子里既有敘事的部分,又有表態(tài)的部分,在漢語(yǔ)里往往是敘事在前,表態(tài)在后,敘事部分可以很長(zhǎng),表態(tài)部分一般都很短。而在英語(yǔ)里則往往相反,表態(tài)在前,敘事在后。例如:1.表原因:a ……I am very happy and grateful to receiveyour message of greetings.接到你們的賀函,我十分愉快和感謝。
不過(guò),處理這種句行時(shí)要注意英漢互譯時(shí)的順序問(wèn)題,例如:
My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered foran administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "stepup" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power. 所有美國(guó)人受的教育就是:長(zhǎng)大成人后應(yīng)該追求金錢(qián)和權(quán)力,而我卻偏偏不要明明是朝這個(gè)目標(biāo) "邁進(jìn)" 的工作,他對(duì)此大或不解。
2.表目的The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding betweenthe two peoples.雙方同意,擴(kuò)大兩國(guó)人民之間的了解是可取的。
3.表?xiàng)l件和結(jié)果時(shí)的順序:a.One can never succeed without making great 1(結(jié)果) 2(條件)
efforts.譯文:(不努力就不會(huì)成功。)
2 (條件) 1(結(jié)果)
4.在表示讓步的句子里,通常也是原因在前,結(jié)果在后:Young as he is, he works hard.(盡管他很年輕,可他工作很買(mǎi)力。)
另外:下面的這個(gè)句子也可以視為結(jié)果一類的句子,它的英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的順序很能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題:
c.在當(dāng)今的教育界,已經(jīng)涌現(xiàn)出了大批的優(yōu)秀人才。
Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in today‘s education circle.
d. Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.人們關(guān)于終生飲酒的效果卻知道的很少
III.因語(yǔ)法手段而造成的英漢次序不一1.另外一些表示存在句的句子里也可見(jiàn)到大量的英漢次序不一的現(xiàn)象:There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness ; something very precious thathe wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.(他心里涌起一種難言的焦灼,因?yàn)樗瓉?lái)一直想保住的東西現(xiàn)在好象要?dú)缌?。?BR>
另外,英語(yǔ)里的有些形式主語(yǔ)也大都采用了倒裝詞序:2.無(wú)主句:It suddenly dawned on methat this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour , but barely chuggingalong at thirty.(后來(lái),我才突然明白,這次快車(chē)并非以90英里的時(shí)速疾弛而下,而只不過(guò)是以30英里的時(shí)速慢慢向前行駛。)
It is reported that …………
3.在某些表示“融合性”的定語(yǔ)從句中:a.There are many people who want to see the film.(許多人要看這部電影)
b.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. (樓下有人要見(jiàn)你)
4.倒裝句形a.Not a single word have we written down as yet.(否定)
(我們連一個(gè)字都沒(méi)有寫(xiě)。)
b.Little does he realize the danger he is in(否定)
(他一點(diǎn)都沒(méi)有意識(shí)到危險(xiǎn)性。)
IV. 因句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換而造成的詞序不一:Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center.運(yùn)動(dòng)中心也提供冷飲。(狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ))
V.注意下面的一些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu):
中國(guó)自從改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),發(fā)生了很大的變化。
有人竟然翻譯成:1.誤:Since China ‘s policy of reform and opening, China has takenplace a great many changes.
正:A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform andopening to the outside world.
2.輪子是公元前六世紀(jì)發(fā)明的。
600 B.C. saw the invention of wheel.
英漢互譯時(shí)的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換
I.英語(yǔ)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:英漢兩種語(yǔ)言具有不同的辭語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。在漢語(yǔ)里,一個(gè)句子可以有多個(gè)動(dòng)詞并排使用,不管有多少動(dòng)詞,都可以按照先后的順序一個(gè)一個(gè)地排下去;而英語(yǔ)則是一門(mén)靜止的語(yǔ)言,在同等條件下,選擇用名詞的情況居多數(shù),例如:
1.在名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞的句子中:a. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tearson Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her(我星期三發(fā)現(xiàn)媽媽在流眼淚而感到震驚、尷尬,這就表明我對(duì)媽媽所承受的壓力知道的多么少。)
在這個(gè)句子當(dāng)中,shock , embarrassment, index等等都是英語(yǔ)趨向于用名詞而不用動(dòng)詞的最好例子b. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that areout of fashion and they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.(他們一想到在公共場(chǎng)穿不時(shí)髦的衣服,就感到渾身不自在,而一些商店和設(shè)計(jì)師們正是利用了他們的這種弱點(diǎn)。)
c. As a boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality thatwas Einstein. (不論是在兒時(shí)還是長(zhǎng)大以后,我一直都對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦的人格感到很好奇。)
d. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always to into raptures at the meremention of the country. (我的大多數(shù)朋友都住在城里,然而,他們只要一提起鄉(xiāng)村就欣喜若狂。)
e. The availability of information on the INTERNET, for example, widens the possibilitiesof informal education immensely.(比如,由于人們能在INTERNET網(wǎng)上可以得到信息,這就大大擴(kuò)大了獲得非正規(guī)教育的可能性。)
2.在一些特定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:介詞+ 名詞= 副詞a. It is wise of him to deal with the delicateproblem with care and with calmness.(他很明智,在處理這一敏感問(wèn)題時(shí)及盡仔細(xì)和謹(jǐn)慎。)
b. Einstein watched it in delight , trying to deduce the operating principle.(愛(ài)因斯坦很欣喜地看著它,想推斷出其中的操作原理。)
c. The soldier stared in surprise at the old farmer and the girl. (那個(gè)士兵很震驚地看著那個(gè)老農(nóng)夫和女孩。)
d. The old man looked closely at the row of puddings with great interest(老人很感興趣地仔細(xì)打量起一排布丁。)
3.由形容詞變成的名詞:這類詞通常都是表示一類人,如:the poor/ oppressed/ exploited4.在某些詞組中a. a good case in point after a while ,as a result ,at any rate ,break(burst ) into tears ,go into service ,in a sense in addition in exchange for,in otherwords in reality,out of place,run (fly )into rage take account of to certain extent tohis disappointment to one ‘s taste b. To his surprise, Mr. Beck failed to come as expected.(奇怪的是,貝克先生來(lái)晚了。)
c. In all probability , I‘m sure that he’ll come.(我敢肯定,他完全可能來(lái)晚。)
d. He has said in all seriousness that their performance is perfect.(他很正經(jīng)地說(shuō)他們的演出很成功。)
e. I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me.(我看到一個(gè)人穿過(guò)大街,明顯地想跟我交談。)
f. Of course, daydreaming is no substitute for hard work ……
(當(dāng)然,白日夢(mèng)不可能代替艱苦的工作。)
另外,還有一些句子也大量用名詞而不用動(dòng)詞,翻譯時(shí)要特別注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換,如:g. Thatwill help lead you to the attainment of your goals. (那會(huì)有助于你達(dá)到目標(biāo)。)
h. But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development , it mightmake a critical difference. (但是,如果與通常的自我發(fā)展的方法相結(jié)合,他就能產(chǎn)生很大的不同。)
i. He said that this exercise of privilege of high-rank government officials willproduce bad influence on people ‘s mind concerning our Party ’s image . (他說(shuō),政府高級(jí)官員濫用職權(quán),將會(huì)在人們的心目中產(chǎn)生很壞的影響,損壞黨的形象。)
j. Those significant progress had been made in some industries, the general qualityof industrial products leaves much to be desired. (一些工業(yè)取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,但是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品總的質(zhì)量還亟待提高。)
k. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawnare obvious.(如果把男人和女人就流行款式方面作個(gè)比較,結(jié)論就很明顯了。)
l. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on. (根據(jù)這些,他又提出了另外一些問(wèn)題,如此等等。)
6.在一些特定的詞組中或格式中也趨向于用名詞。
a. be of(great )significance/ (little) use /(no) value/ (some) help / (vital)importance(很有意義的)/ 很有用的)/ 很有價(jià)值)/ (很有幫助)/ (很重要)
b. My suggestion/ motion/ recommendation /idea
is that he(should) go there 我建議(想,提議,認(rèn)為,主張)他去。
7.在一些表示結(jié)果的特定詞組中如: be shocked into stillness(驚呆了)
those people who toil to death(累得要命的人)
bore somebody to death(枯燥得要死)
be worried to death.(擔(dān)心得要命)
8.英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,漢語(yǔ)里一個(gè)有主語(yǔ)有謂語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立的分句,譯成英語(yǔ)可能就變成了一個(gè)名詞詞組,這就更說(shuō)明了英語(yǔ)的名詞性特征。
a. The outbreak of the civil war totally damaged his splendid dream of contributingwhat he had for his country.(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)徹底破壞了他那為國(guó)奉獻(xiàn)一切的夢(mèng)想。)
b. The train was delayed by the heavy snowfall. (火車(chē)因?yàn)榉e雪而晚點(diǎn)。)
II. 英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)反過(guò)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的名詞:一些由名詞派生的表示意愿、情緒等的動(dòng)詞,在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)往往還將其返回來(lái)譯成名詞:1. This course is intended to provide aid to thosewomen who , for this reason or that, fail to get the opportunity to receive education.(這門(mén)課的目的就是給那些因?yàn)榉N種原因沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)上學(xué)婦女們提供幫助。)
2.A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like a millionaire , turned out to penniless. (那個(gè)穿著講究,外表和談吐都象百萬(wàn)富翁的人卻身無(wú)分文。)
3. Gordon Allport , an American psychologist , found nearly 18,000 English wordscharacterizing differences in people‘s behavior. (美國(guó)的心理學(xué)家高頓。愛(ài)爾波特發(fā)現(xiàn)有一萬(wàn)個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞可以用來(lái)表達(dá)人們行為的不同特征。)
III.名詞轉(zhuǎn)移成形容詞:1. The speech presented by the visiting scholar left considerableexcitement in his mind(那位到訪學(xué)者的演講著實(shí)讓他感到很激動(dòng)。)
2. The room is small but very cozy and his satisfaction can be read from his face.(這間房間很小但很舒適,從他臉上一眼就可看出他很滿意。)
IV. 其它詞匯的轉(zhuǎn)譯方法:1.介詞譯成動(dòng)詞a. If it‘s academic success you’re after,you can ‘t neglect studying. (如果你追求學(xué)術(shù)上的成功,一定不能忽視了學(xué)習(xí)。)
b. Those who are for the program please raise your hand.(同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人請(qǐng)舉手。)
c. Will those in favor of the proposal come to attend the meeting next Saturday ?
(贊成這項(xiàng)提議的人下星期六來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)好嗎?)
d. It wasn‘t that I was after money. I just wanted to make sure that he was foundguilty again in the civil suit. (并不是因?yàn)槲蚁胍X(qián),我只是想讓他即使是在民事案件方面也被判有罪。)
2.副詞或形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞:a. In an overcrowded country, very few people own enoughto make them financially independent. 在一個(gè)人口過(guò)度稠密的國(guó)家里,很少有人能在財(cái)政上獨(dú)立。)
b. To be economically prosperous, China will apply more flexible policies of openingto the outside. (為了能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)上的繁榮,中國(guó)將實(shí)行更為靈活的開(kāi)放政策。)
c. Aside from offering financial support, work can keep us healthy not only physicallybut also mentally.(工作除了能給我們提供財(cái)政上的支持外,還能夠使我們?cè)谏眢w上和心理上保持健康。)
一些短語(yǔ)中:To be mentally prepared …。,心理上做好準(zhǔn)備To be materially equipped………,物資上作好準(zhǔn)備During the politically eventful late-1960s…。,政治上正置多事之秋的60年代。
關(guān)于加詞、減詞等在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題。
所謂加詞就是根據(jù)原文的思想內(nèi)涵透過(guò)文字表達(dá)上的表面現(xiàn)象,充分照顧到另一種語(yǔ)言的文法特征、描述規(guī)律,在將其翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言時(shí)該加詞的地方加詞,該減詞的地方減詞,千萬(wàn)不可以為了可以追求所謂的“精練、簡(jiǎn)潔”而隨隨便便地減詞;也不可以離開(kāi)原文,憑空膩測(cè),隨隨便便加詞。具體地說(shuō):
加詞:
I.由于詞匯方面的原因而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象:1.加動(dòng)詞由于英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)“靜止”的語(yǔ)言,在所有的詞匯當(dāng)中,用名詞的居多;而相比較而言,漢語(yǔ)則無(wú)此限制,不管有多少動(dòng)詞都可以并排使用。因此,許多英語(yǔ)的名詞翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)都要加上一些動(dòng)詞,否則,意思則很不完整,例如:a. But by 1981 hehad to have further surgery on his hand. And a month later, he suffered as stroke. (到了1981年,他的手不得不又做了一次手術(shù)。一個(gè)月以后,他又中風(fēng)了。)
b. His speech in at the meeting turned out exert an stimulating effect on the mindof the people present that day. (他那天在會(huì)上所做的報(bào)告使所有在場(chǎng)的人深受鼓舞。)
c. He maintain that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improvedperformance.(他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,只有通過(guò)勤奮工作加上不懈的努力才會(huì)取得好的成績(jī)。)
d. The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governmentsat all levels on the alert. (偽劣建筑奪取了很多人的生命,這一點(diǎn)足以使我們的各級(jí)部門(mén)提高警惕。)
e. Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseastourists. (為了一百萬(wàn)的國(guó)內(nèi)外旅客的利益,我們一定為改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量而進(jìn)行努力。)
f. You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.(你不應(yīng)該一吃過(guò)飯,馬上就去游泳,這是很不明智的。)
2.加名詞:在漢語(yǔ)中,及物和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別不是很明顯,有時(shí)所謂及物動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)如果上下文中能夠看的出,往往可以省略不說(shuō);而英語(yǔ)則不然。由于英語(yǔ)對(duì)及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別很明顯,因此翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)則很麻煩。特別是一些不及物動(dòng)詞必須帶上它后面的賓語(yǔ)句子意思才能顯得完整。因此,我們?cè)诜g時(shí)往往就需要增補(bǔ)。
a. Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating ,playing , meetings , classes, etc. (作一個(gè)時(shí)間表,然后,將吃飯、睡覺(jué)、開(kāi)會(huì)、上課等等的時(shí)間填上。)
b. It was two hours before the old couple mustered up enough courage to get up andcalled the police and they explained that they‘d done that after much deliberation.(直到兩個(gè)小時(shí)以后,那對(duì)老夫妻才有勇氣敢從床上爬起來(lái)給警察打電話,并解釋說(shuō)那也是經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)考慮才敢作的。)
c.這見(jiàn)事?lián)f(shuō)是一個(gè)組織嚴(yán)密團(tuán)伙干的。
(The operation is believed to be the work of a well-organized organized group. )
d.我是為友誼和求學(xué)而來(lái)。
(I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning. )
有時(shí)形容詞前面也可以加上名詞:e. His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensiveand , moreover looks very ugly.(他妻子認(rèn)為,這件家具價(jià)格昂貴而且外表難看。)
f. I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation and itconfirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.(然后,我繼續(xù)裝著對(duì)這種事情很內(nèi)行的樣子,結(jié)果更使他們認(rèn)定我是一個(gè)名聲很壞的人。)
有時(shí),一些名詞或者數(shù)量詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后前面也要加詞表示重疊:g. Thousands ofstudents from the city‘s colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting thearrival of their football team. (成千上萬(wàn)的高校學(xué)生一起涌到火車(chē)站歡迎他們的足球隊(duì)凱旋。
h. These she bought the medical supplies with the large sums of money given to herby many friends to help her in the Crimea (她用朋友們給她的一筆筆錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)醫(yī)療設(shè)備。)
i. To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctor who werehelpless before such scene of suffering and misery. (只有這些老醫(yī)生來(lái)照看一群群的傷員,他們?cè)谌绱说耐纯?、悲傷面前,顯得無(wú)可奈何。
3.加代詞:這里的代詞主要是指作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)的代詞,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中的所有及物動(dòng)詞都必須帶有賓語(yǔ),所以漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)也需要增補(bǔ):a. If you like this novel , I can lend it to you.(如果你喜歡這本小說(shuō),我可以借給你。)
b. I think she‘d appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.(我覺(jué)得如果我們能幫她一把,她回很感激的。)
c. Would you please look for the key once more? I remembered clearly putting it inthe drawer last time. (能不能再找一遍鑰匙?我記得上次放在抽屜里了。)
4.加連詞和介詞:漢語(yǔ)可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)連接句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,而英語(yǔ)則靠一些連接詞來(lái)完成:a. If you want to go, I would give you my advice that you take an umbrella.(你要去,我建議你別忘了帶把傘。)
b. Since its opening five years ago , the shop has attracted a lot of customers.(這家商店五年前開(kāi)業(yè)以來(lái),吸引了大批顧客。)
c. Since the beginning of this century, more and more scientists have become interestedin the way the human brain works. (本世紀(jì)以來(lái),越來(lái)越多的科學(xué)家已經(jīng)開(kāi)始對(duì)人腦活動(dòng)的方式感興趣。)
d. His friends asked him to write them as soon as he got there. (他的朋友要他到了那兒就給他們寫(xiě)信。)
e. He went so far as to cheat openly on test. (他居然敢公開(kāi)作弊。)
f. The factory has decided to mass-produce the equipment at a low cost. (這家工廠已經(jīng)決定低成本、大批量的生產(chǎn)這種儀器。)
g. Why was he absent from school yesterday?
(他昨天為什么不上學(xué)?)
h. The older leader gave us the suggestion that we be free from arrogance and rashness.(老領(lǐng)導(dǎo)告戒我們要戒驕戒躁。)
i. This , he said, deprived him of his civil rights , and he asked for $150,000in damages. (他說(shuō),這等于是剝奪了他的公民權(quán)力,因此申請(qǐng)$150,000 的賠償。)
j. His marriage suffered and ended in divorce.(他的婚姻也受到影響,最后還是離了婚。)
k. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute as settled.(幾輪會(huì)談以后,雙方認(rèn)為邊界問(wèn)題可以解決了。)
l. As her year as chief resident drew to a close, Mrs. White decided to specializein children ‘s diseases. (在她作住院總醫(yī)師要結(jié)束時(shí),懷特太太決定專攻病理。)
5.下面的一些句子則是為了修辭目的而加詞:a. He was sentenced as much as six monthsin jail for drunk driving.(他因酗酒駕駛而被判入獄半年。)
b. As many as twenty people were killed in the accident yesterday.(二十個(gè)人在昨天的事故當(dāng)中喪生。)
c. I came here as early as eight o‘clock this morning. (我今天八點(diǎn)鐘就來(lái)了。)
6 . 在某些作定語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞有時(shí)需要加上:a. I‘d like to find someone toplay with (我想找人玩。)
b. Would you please pass me a piece of paper to write on. (你能否遞張紙給我,我想寫(xiě)點(diǎn)東西。)
c. Totally alone in the room, her mother wanted to find someone to talk to (她媽媽覺(jué)得一個(gè)人在房間里太孤單了,想找個(gè)人說(shuō)說(shuō)話。)
7.某些獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中:With a book in his hand , the teacher came into the class. (老師走了進(jìn)來(lái),手里拿本書(shū)。)
8.加副詞a. They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.(他猛地抬頭往天空看,直到火箭發(fā)射的聲音漸漸遠(yuǎn)去。)
b. He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him. (他偷偷地瞥了他一眼。)
9.有時(shí)還要根據(jù)實(shí)際需要,加上一些表示“范疇”的詞,即表示籠統(tǒng)意思的單詞,意見(jiàn)、想法、道理等等。
a. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of firstimportance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in day or swiftlyimprovised by a mere command of the will. (因此,對(duì)社會(huì)活動(dòng)家來(lái)說(shuō),培養(yǎng)業(yè)余愛(ài)好和新的興趣就成為頭等重要的事情了。但這不是一蹴而就的事情,也不能單靠毅力就能臨時(shí)湊成。)
b. A situation in which such a large number of students cheat openly on the exam andescape punishment is very dangerous and cannot last long(如此多的學(xué)生作弊,居然沒(méi)人管,是很危險(xiǎn)的,也不可能持久。)
c. So he began to study the children‘s responses in situation where no milk was provided(所以,他開(kāi)始研究小孩子得不到牛奶時(shí)的反應(yīng)是什么樣的。)
以上的幾句雖然沒(méi)有“局面”、“情況”等詞,但其意思卻已經(jīng)包含在了里面。如果不加上“policy”,“business”,“situation ”等詞,意思就不是很清楚,句子也不通順。
II. 由于漢英結(jié)構(gòu)不同而造成的加詞現(xiàn)象:
1.由上下文的邏輯關(guān)系而引起的加詞現(xiàn)象:句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面:a. In most cases, this actionwill produce results. However , if it does not , there are various means the consumer mayuse to gain satisfaction. (在大多數(shù)情況下,這樣做有一定效果。如果還不行,顧客可以采取許多措施直至滿意為止。)
b. They illustrate, for one thing, the underlying American faith that our futurerests on the way our children turn out, and that a basic way to affect children‘s developmentis through their education. (有一點(diǎn),他們表明了美國(guó)人內(nèi)心深處的一個(gè)信念,那就是,我們的孩子如何成長(zhǎng)將決定我們的未來(lái),而影響他們發(fā)展的一個(gè)基本途徑就是通過(guò)教育。)
c. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. (人類已經(jīng)從動(dòng)物的行為中學(xué)到了很多東西的說(shuō)法并不是什么新鮮事。)
下面的例句都是一些需要加關(guān)系代詞的現(xiàn)象:d. He passed the exam , which can be readfrom his the light on his face. (我從他臉上就可以猜出他已通過(guò)了考試。)
e. He was late on that very morning for the interview , which totally damaged thepossibilities of promotion. (他偏偏在面試的那天早晨遲到,結(jié)果喪失了一次晉升的絕好機(jī)會(huì)。)
f. As is expected , he arrived at the railway station in time. (他果然準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了火車(chē)站)
2.在無(wú)主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主語(yǔ)。
因?yàn)樵谶@些句子中,主語(yǔ)雖然沒(méi)有表示出來(lái),但卻早已隱含在句子里面;加上英語(yǔ)對(duì)句子表面上的結(jié)構(gòu)要求非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),因此在漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)往往要加上省略的部分(主語(yǔ))意思才能完整,例如:a.進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)必須尊重知識(shí)、尊重人才。
(In our drive for socialist modernization, we must respect knowledge and talentedpeople. )
b.你還是帶把雨傘吧,以防下雨。
(You ‘d better take an umbrella in case it rains. )
c.已經(jīng)快七點(diǎn)種了,他怎么還沒(méi)有到?
( It is nearly seven o ‘clock now , why hasn ’t he arrived yet?)
d.一定不要忘記離家前父母對(duì)你所說(shuō)的話。
(Remember what your said to you before you left home.)
有時(shí),英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞需要加上其邏輯主語(yǔ)才能顯得意思完整:e. His father-in-law doesn‘t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.(他的岳父對(duì)他抽這么多的煙很不以為然。)
3.加賓語(yǔ)她媽媽說(shuō),他們應(yīng)該帶孩子一起去參加馬麗的生日晚會(huì)。
(Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary ‘s birthdayparty.)
4.有時(shí)需要加上語(yǔ)氣詞:There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlandson the Long March , we just slept where we could.(我們長(zhǎng)征時(shí)根本就沒(méi)房子住,隨便找個(gè)地方就睡下了。)
The audience was not interested at all(in any sense) in his long and boring speech.(觀眾對(duì)他那又臭又長(zhǎng)的講話一點(diǎn)都不感興趣。)
減詞:
I.和一些單詞有關(guān)系的減詞法1.省略“范疇”詞:先看下面的例子:a.系里的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)來(lái)找他做說(shuō)服工作。
(The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion)
b.這次考試不及格,使他深切認(rèn)識(shí)到寫(xiě)好作文在學(xué)習(xí)英文中的重要性。
(The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learningEnglish.)
c.這本書(shū)的目的是改進(jìn)學(xué)生們的理解能力。
II. 表示邏輯關(guān)系上的減詞:1.省去句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)只保留關(guān)聯(lián)詞:a. The store manager mayadvise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so , the consumer should do this, statingthe complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.(商店的老板會(huì)建議顧客給制造商寫(xiě)信。要真是這樣的話,顧客應(yīng)該盡量把投訴書(shū)寫(xiě)的禮貌些、措辭更堅(jiān)定一些。)
b. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the experthimself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty. (可是不這樣,有能有什么別的更好的辦法呢?知識(shí)的范圍如此廣袤,一旦越出其專業(yè)范圍,連老師也會(huì)變得一無(wú)所知。)
c. It must be admitted, that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can itsurvive ?
(每個(gè)民族都有它的優(yōu)點(diǎn),不然,怎么可以生存下來(lái)?)
2.省去主語(yǔ):d. When completed , this bridge will be the largest in Asia. (這座橋一旦竣工將是亞洲最大的。)
e. In some organization , important papers , letters, speeches , documents, etc,are kept on file so that they can be easily obtained when needed. (在許多組織里,重要的文件、信函、演講材料、檔案都保存在文件夾里,以便需要時(shí)很容易查到。)
翻譯時(shí)句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換: 英譯漢時(shí),有時(shí)為了通順,往往需要將原文的某一句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯成另一部分進(jìn)行句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換:非主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ):定語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)a. If there should be any last-minute change in the sialing time, we’ll contact you by telephone.開(kāi)船時(shí)間假如臨時(shí)有更改,我們會(huì)用電話通知你。(狀語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ))b. In many countries, free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established, where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs fort their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones. 許多國(guó)家都建立了自由港和保稅區(qū),在那里,外國(guó)商人只要是在本區(qū)內(nèi),未卸船的貨物可以不納稅。 c. The average temperature in summeris as hight as 35C. One can not be pleasant living in that place.夏天的平均溫度高達(dá)攝氏35C,生活在那里不可能舒服。d. A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last year. 外文出版社去年出版了許多新書(shū)。
謂語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)e. When a material is stressed byong the elastic limit a permaent deformation results.當(dāng)一種材料的應(yīng)力超過(guò)彈性極限時(shí),就會(huì)產(chǎn)生永久變形。表語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)f. Television is different from radio in that its sends and receives pictures.電視和無(wú)線電的不同點(diǎn)在于電視能收發(fā)圖象。 賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)g. The wise buyer finds ways to make sure that wrong thinking is not allowed to interfere with careful planning in this purchases。 (明智的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者盡量做到購(gòu)買(mǎi)時(shí)不讓錯(cuò)誤的想法干擾。) His father flew into rage with what he had done. (他的所作所為讓他的父親大為光火。)
被動(dòng) 語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般是,主謂語(yǔ)的位子翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)需要顛倒,即原來(lái)的主語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ):h.Drastic action must be taken if they want to reduce traffic accidents and air pollution.(如果他們想減少交通事故和污染,就必須迅速采取措施。)i. I was totally upset by what he did in the exam. (他考試時(shí)的表現(xiàn)確實(shí)讓我很擔(dān)心。)j Asia was passed over by the industrial revolution.(工業(yè)革命沒(méi)有光顧亞洲。)
譯成帶“是”的結(jié)構(gòu):k. We were moved to tears by the fact that he came to the meeting in spite of his illness. (最讓我感激涕零的是,他帶病堅(jiān)持來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。)譯成: “由”“把”,“使”等字引導(dǎo)的句子:l. His mother was dismissed due to the fact that she couldn’t type fast enough. ( 老板把他的媽媽給解雇了,因?yàn)樗蜃植粔蚩臁?m. She was worried ,because her son had written for a long time.( 她兒子很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)給她寫(xiě)信了,這可把她給擔(dān)心壞 了。)n. Wind is caused by air moving between cold and warm region. (風(fēng)是由冷暖地區(qū)流動(dòng)著的空氣引起的。)
非謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ):The new rule is applicable to foreigners.這一項(xiàng)新規(guī)定適用與外國(guó)人。(表語(yǔ)譯為謂語(yǔ))There is a need for improvement in your study habits你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣需要改進(jìn)(主語(yǔ)譯為謂語(yǔ))
非賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ): 主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ)a. After he was elected chairman of the committee, Mr. Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning.(史密斯當(dāng)選以后, 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他一大早就到辦公室工作了。)b. Much progress has been made in computer science in less than a century.c. 不到一個(gè)世紀(jì),計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)取得了很大進(jìn)步。(主語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ))How much risk does internationalizaion contain for national identity?(一個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)在國(guó)際化中會(huì)有喪失自己的危險(xiǎn)嗎?)
主語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)The amounht of energy thus lost can be considerably reduced and the life of the macnine prolonged by careful lubrication. 小心加以潤(rùn)滑能大大地減少這樣所損失的能量并延長(zhǎng)機(jī)器壽命。
狀語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ)Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as too behave elastically in the environmental condition.結(jié)構(gòu)上用的材料必須選擇得使它們?cè)谥車(chē)h(huán)境條件下具有彈性。
非定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ)a. The service university is characterized by several features: the existence of professional schools, short tailor-made course, contracting of services and funding by contracts. (大學(xué)提供服務(wù)的主要特征有以下幾點(diǎn):建立職業(yè)學(xué)校、短期培訓(xùn)學(xué)校以及提供服務(wù)與資助之間的合同簽定等。 )b. The satellite system use this device in varied forms.衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)上的這種裝置有各種不同的形狀。(
賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)c. His speech on the current international economic situation produce the profound influence on research work of that subject. (他的關(guān)于目前國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)形式的講話,對(duì)我們的研究工作產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。
狀語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ)d. In his composition he made few spelling mistakes.他在作文中的拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤很少。
主語(yǔ)譯為定語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)譯為主語(yǔ)The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.這一通訊系統(tǒng)的主要特征是容易維修。 非狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)譯為狀語(yǔ)a. Don’t you see it was just in fun ? You got it all wrong.你沒(méi)看出那不過(guò)是開(kāi)開(kāi)玩笑嗎?你完全誤解了。The professor showed her much attention and gave her some private coaching.教授對(duì)她很關(guān)心,給他一些個(gè)別輔導(dǎo)。(定語(yǔ)譯為狀語(yǔ))
主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)b. After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.(在那之后,由于他年輕時(shí)候?qū)W(xué)習(xí)毫不關(guān)心,以及不愿意考慮與運(yùn)動(dòng)無(wú)關(guān)的事情,他終于得到了報(bào)應(yīng)。)
定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)c. We need a dialogue which promotes our mutual responsibility to the international community.
(我們需要對(duì)話來(lái)推進(jìn)我們兩國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際社會(huì)所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。)d. We need a dialogue that prevents any single issue form holdi
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