2012年成人高考專升本英語重點(diǎn)語法：非謂語動詞

　　非謂語動詞(不定式、分詞、動名詞)

　　(一)不定式

　　1、一般用法

　　1)作主語： To say something is one thing， to do it is another.說是一碼事，干是另一碼事。

　　***形式主語it It is not fair to blame them for the accident.轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　2)作表語： My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately.

　　3)作賓語： He offered to go with us.他提出和我們一起去。

　　***形式賓語it We found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.

　　I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.

　　4)作賓語或主語的補(bǔ)足語： Mr. Smith wants his son to become a lawyer.

　　The suspected man was seen to enter the building.

　　此類動詞還有如ask， advise， allow， compel， encourage， hear， intend， lead， inspire， order， persuade等。

　　***hope， demand， suggest不可接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，但可跟that引出的賓語從句。

　　He hoped that I would give him more help. The doctor suggests that my father (should) stop smoking.

　　***在see， hear， look at， listen to， feel， observe， watch， notice等感官動詞， 以及l(fā)et， make， have 等動詞后面的不定式要省掉to .但注意在其被動語態(tài)中，作為主補(bǔ)的不定式要加上to.

　　We are made to write a composition every week by the teacher.

　　5)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　① "be said (reported， known…) + 不定式"可換成： it is said (reported， known…)that…

　　Shanxi Province is known to have rich coal reserves. = It is known that Shanxi ……

　?、?seem (happen， appear， prove， tend) + 不定式

　　I happened to be out when she called. 碰巧出去了

　?、?be likely (certain， sure， willing， anxious， ready， bound， eager， reluctant) + 不定式

　　They are likely to succeed. She is always ready to help others.

　　6)作定語(一般為后置修飾語)轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　He used to have a lot of meetings to attend. There is nothing to worry about.

　?、儆⒄Z中有一些名詞常跟不定式作定語：ability， agreement， ambition， attempt， claim， decision， hope， intention， failure， need， refusal， plan， promise， tendency， wish， willingness， threat， anxiety

　　His attempt to solve the problem failed again. Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.

　　② the first， second， last， only (thing)， best (thing)等后面常跟不定式作定語。

　　He is always the first to come and the last to leave. What is the best thing to do?

　　7)作狀語(表示目的，原因，結(jié)果等)

　　They will go to the station to meet the guests. We are overjoyed to see you.

　　常跟不定式作原因狀語的形容詞有： happy， glad， relieved， astonished， amazed， overjoyed， surprised， sad

　　不定式也可作結(jié)果狀語，僅限于learn得知， find發(fā)現(xiàn)， see看見， hear聽見，to be told被告知， make使得等具有界限含義的動詞， only to常表示令人不快的結(jié)果。

　　He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.

　　I hurried to Professor Wang’s house only to find he was out.

　?、俨欢ㄊ脚cin order to， so as to連用，作目的狀語;與so(such)… as to連用，作目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語。

　　In order to catch the train， he hurried through his work. He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

　?、诓欢ㄊ脚cenough和too…to連用，作程度狀語。

　?、踑ll too， only too…加不定式不表示否定的意思： I’m only too pleased to help you.我非常愿意幫助你。

　　8)插入語： To be fair， he has worked hard these days. We don’t like your idea， to tell you the truth.

　　2、注意問題：

　　1)不定式的邏輯主語

　　(1) for + 名詞或代詞賓語 + 不定式：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.

　　(2) 不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：He proposed a picnic， he himself to pay the railway tickets， and John to provide the food.

　　在表示人物性格、特點(diǎn)等的形容詞后，用of引出不定式的邏輯主語：

　　It was wise of him to do that. I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation.

　　常見的這類形容詞有：

　　absurd荒唐的 bold大膽的 brave勇敢的 clever聰明的 courageous有勇氣的 rude無禮的

　　considerate考慮周到的 foolish愚蠢的 honest誠實(shí)的 polite有禮貌的 silly傻的

　　grateful感激的 wicked邪惡的 thoughtful體貼的 careless粗心的 right正確的

　　2)不定式的否定式： not + to do They decided not to give up trying.

　　3)連接詞 + 不定式： He will tell us how to use the library.

　　4)省 to 的不定式

　?、倏谡Z以 why 開頭的簡單句： Why not go out for a walk? Why do it that way?

　?、趆ad better， would rather…(than)， would…rather than， would sooner…(than)， can not but…， can’t help but…， may(might) as well習(xí)慣用法

　　Rather than beg in the street， he would prefer to die of hunger.他寧愿餓死也不上街。

　　I could’t help but wait for the next bus to come.我不得不等下一趟車。

　　***③do nothing/anything/everything but (except)

　　Last night I did nothing but watch TV. John will do anything but work on a farm.

　　****其他的謂語形式要用to ：

　　There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

　　3、不定式的"體"式和語態(tài)

　　體式 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)

　　一般式 to write to be written

　　完成式 to have written to have been written

　　進(jìn)行式 to be writing

　　完成進(jìn)行式 to have been writing

　?、朋w式 ①I am sorry to hear the news.(不定式動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后，或同時發(fā)生)

　　②They seem to be having a meeting. (不定式動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生)

　?、跿he enemy was reported to have surrendered two days before.(不定式先于謂語動作)

　?、普Z態(tài) ①出現(xiàn)動作的執(zhí)行者，用主動式：I have a meeting to attend.

　　否則用被動語態(tài)：Here are the clothes to be washed.

　?、谠?表語(或賓語補(bǔ)足語)+ 不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動式代替被動式：

　　They found Professor Jones’ lecture hard to understand. She is nice to talk to.

　?、哿?xí)慣用法：None of us was to blame for that.

　　The dog was nowhere to be found.

　　(二)分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)

　　比較： 剝削階級the exploiting class 被剝削階級the exploited class

　　正在采花的女孩the girl gathering flowers 今天早晨采集的花the flowers gathered this morning

　　落葉fallen leaves 凋謝的花faded flowers 開水boiled water 新到的商品newly arrived goods

　　1、一般用法

　　1)作表語，現(xiàn)在分詞常表示特性，過去分詞常表示狀態(tài)。

　　His argument is very convincing. 他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news.

　　2)作定語

　　Don’t disturb the sleeping child. The arrested murderer will be tried soon.那個被逮捕的殺人犯將受到審訊。

　　分詞作定語的位置

　　You may ask the lady (who is) sitting at the desk.

　　Those (who have been) elected as committee members will attend the meeting. (當(dāng)選為委員的人)

　　3)作賓語(或主語)的補(bǔ)足語

　　He likes to sit on the beach and watch the sea gulls flying. (海鷗) The work left everyone exhausted.

　　4)作狀語

　　Hearing the knock on the door， they stopped talking. (= When they heard…。)

　　Asked to work overtime that evening， I missed a wonderful film. (= As I was asked to…。)

　　They stood there waiting for the bus. (and were waiting…。)

　　The bandits fled into the mountains， pursued by the policemen. (and were pursued…。)

　　5) 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

　　The rain having stopped， the soldiers continued their march.

　　The boys returned， their face covered with sweat.

　　演變： The teacher entered the classroom， a bag (being) in his hand.

　　He stopped and turned about， his eyes (being) brightly proud. Breakfast over， he went to his office.

　　She left the room with the candle burning on the table. He wandered in without shoes or socks on.

　　6) 作插入語

　　Generally speaking， I prefer rice to noodles. Judging from his accent， he must be a southerner.

　　2、體式和語態(tài)

　　Having been there many times， he offered to be our guide.

　　Not having made adequate preparations， we postponed the sports meet.

　　Having studied hard during the term， he passed the exam.

　　He is said to have studied hard and passed the exam. Who is the patient being operated on?

　　(二)動名詞

　　1、一般用法

　　1)作主語和表語 Seeing is believing. My hobby is collecting stamps.

　　(1) 形式主語it It is no use/good quarreling with her. Is it worthwhile trying again?

　　(2) There is no +V-ing There is no joking about this matter.

　　2) 作賓語

　　He enjoys listening to classical music. We must avoid making such mistakes again.

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